Salam International Academic Journal
type: channel
description: Brief Introduction to the Salam International Academic Journal The Salam International Academic Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal that has obtained academic accreditation from the Ministry of Higher Education of Afghanistan and is registered as an international journal under the number (RCTD-PIJR-0027-25). It holds the following ISSN numbers: ISSN: 3078-9583 (Online) ISSN: 3078-9575 (Print) This journal publishes scholarly discussions in the field of social sciences after undergoing a rigorous peer-review process. The Salam International Academic Journal is a peer-reviewed journal published in multiple languages in both online and print formats. Access to its articles is free of charge, and publication fees are minimal. The journal is well recognized both within Afghanistan and internationally, and the publication process is conducted in a timely manner. Through this Academic journal, we have provided a research platform for researchers and scholars to share their research works and findings with others. Articles published in the Salam International Academic Journal are produced under the supervision of prominent and well-known scholars from around the world. This journal offers researchers an opportunity to publish their significant studies. Salam is a peer-reviewed, non-profit, semiannual (biannual) Academic journal with a primary focus on the social sciences. The Salam Academic Journal publishes original and innovative articles that offer practical and creative solutions to the issues addressed. Submitted manuscripts, after plagiarism screening and verification of initial formal requirements, are sent to specialized professors in the relevant fields for rigorous and comprehensive academic review. Following a strict process of evaluation and peer review, accepted articles are published.
publisher: سلام پوهنتون
language: en
publication name: Salam International Academic Journal
issn: 3078-9575
items: The Impact of Remote Work on Employee Well-being: Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support
items: مفهوم استحسان نزد احناف و تفاوت آن با استحسان عقلی معتزله
items: An Examination of the Effects of Social Networks on Youth and Adolescents
items: نظریه فقهی؛ حقیقت، پیدایش، اهمیت و نقشِ آن در تدوین قوانین
items: د اسلامي امارت او هند اړيکې؛ فرصتونه او ننګونې
items: امنیت سایبری و استعمار دیجیتال: بررسی وابستگی زیرساخت های سایبری کشور های جنوب به قدرت های شمال
items: د حاکم د اطاعت سرحدونه او پولې
items: Disagreement and Its Etiquette in the Light of Islamic Sharia
items: Progress and Backwardness of Societies and Civilizations in the Light of the Holy Qur’an
items: An Analysis of the Factors Behind Afghan Migration to Other Countries (Case Study: Iran and Its Adverse Effects)
items: Cultural and Educational Factors and Their Role in Afghan Migration Abroad
items: An Integrated Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Push and Pull Factors in Afghan Irregular Migration: Insights for Sustainable Policy Responses
items: Academic Hijra: Exploratory Case Study Investigating Factors for Emigration of Afghan Female Scholars
items: Factors Contributing to Brain Drain and Strategies for Retaining Skilled Professionals in Afghanistan: A Multisectoral Approach
items: The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Brain Drain and Remittances: Identifying Strategic Priorities for Afghanistan’s Economic Development
items: Brain Drain in Afghanistan’s Public Universities: Examining the Experiences of Migrated Faculty Members
items: The impact of skilled workforce migration on Emerging technologies in Afghanistan
items: Factors Driving Migration from Afghanistan with Emphasis on the Recent Wave and the Emigration of Elites
items: The Role of Media-Based Public Awareness in Preventing Irregular Migration
items: Investigating the Living Conditions of Afghan migrants in Iran, Challenges and Solutions.
items: Push Factors Contributing to Brain Drain with Emphasis on Origin-Based Determinants (Everett Lee's Theory) A Case Study of Kunduz City
items: Exploring the Factors That Restrain and Regulate Afghan Migration
items: An Analysis of the Situation of Afghan Migrants in Tehran: Exploring Social, Psychological, Legal Experiences and the Impact of International Support
items: Social Consequences of Migration for the People of Afghanistan
items: The Role of Engagement and Convergence in the Retention of Elites in Afghanistan
items: The Lives of Afghan Migrants in Western Countries: Challenges, Opportunities, and Consequences
items: The Islamic Ruling on Migration to Non-Islamic Countries from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence
items: Acquisition of Citizenship in Non-Islamic Countries from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence, National Law, and International Law
items: The Migration of Scholars of Hadith and Jurisprudence from This Land (Herat, Balkh, Bust, and Baghlan)
items: An Analysis of the Determinants of Migration in Developing Countries

The Impact of Remote Work on Employee Well-being: Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support
type: item
description: The rapid adoption of remote work has transformed contemporary work arrangements, presenting both opportunities and challenges for employee well-being, particularly in developing and fragile contexts. This study examines the impact of remote work on employee well-being and investigates the mediating role of perceived organizational support (POS) among employees of local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Kabul, Afghanistan. Grounded in organizational support theory and well-being literature, the study adopts a positivist research philosophy and employs a quantitative research design. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 282 NGO employees engaged in remote or hybrid work arrangements. Statistical analyses were conducted to test the direct relationship between remote work and employee well-being, as well as the mediating effect of perceived organizational support. The findings reveal that remote work has a significant influence on employee well-being, encompassing physical, mental, and emotional dimensions. Moreover, perceived organizational support was found to play a crucial mediating role, mitigating the negative effects of remote work-related stress, isolation, and work–life boundary blurring. The results highlight that employees who perceive higher levels of organizational support such as access to mental health resources, effective communication, and supportive policies report better overall well-being. This study contributes to the limited empirical literature on remote work in the Afghan NGO sector and underscores the importance of strengthening organizational support mechanisms to enhance employee well-being in remote work settings. Practical implications for NGO management and policymakers are discussed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Remote Work
  topic: keywords
subject: Employees Well-Beings
  topic: keywords
subject: Perceived Organizational Support
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mohammad Qasim Ayaz
creator: Dr. Abdul Qahar Safi
creator: Allah Mohammad Rasa
creator: Sifatullah Kotwal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 245
ending page: 263
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue18.n9.Fall.2025

مفهوم استحسان نزد احناف و تفاوت آن با استحسان عقلی معتزله
type: item
description: استحسان یکی از اصول مهم استنباط در فقه اسلامی است که همیشه مورد بحث و اختلاف میان مکاتب فقهی و کلامی قرارگرفته است. فقهای حنفی، استحسان را به‌عنوان نوعی عدول از ظاهر قیاس می‌دانند که بر اساس دلایل قوی‌تر شرعی انجام می‌شود. آنها معتقدند که این کار برای جلوگیری از نتایج نادرست قیاس، کاهش دشواری‌های مذهبی، رعایت مصالح واقعی و هماهنگی با اهداف کلان شریعت ضرورت است. در مقابل، مکتب اعتزالی، استحسان را بر اساس اصل حسن و قبح عقلی بررسی می‌کند و معتقد است که عقل می‌تواند پیش از مراجعه به منابع دینی، یا حتی مستقل از آنها، تعیین کننده چیز خوب و چیز بد باشد، و بر اساس این تعیین، حکم بدهد. این مقاله با هدف بررسی تعریف، جایگاه، اقسام و ادله حجیت استحسان نزد احناف واستحسان عقلی نزد معتزله و ارائه مثال‌های تطبیقی و نقد فقهای حنفی نگارش شده است. همچنین با بررسی سه محور مقایسه‌ای؛ (تفاوت مبنایی، منابع استنباط، نقد و بررسی نقاط اشتراک و اختلاف این دو مکتب نشان داده شده است. این تحقیق با روش توصیفی، تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع اصلی فقه حنفی و همچنین متون کلامی معتزله انجام شده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد اگر چه هردو مکتب به عقل اهمیت میدهند اما مبنای فلسفی و روش استنباط احناف ومعتزله متفاوت است که علت تفاوت عمیق این دو مفهوم در منبع شناخت و حجیت آنهاست؛ احناف بر اساس نصوص و قیاس عمل می‌کنند و استحسان آنان در چارچوب ادلۀ شرعی محدود است، اما معتزله از عقل استفاده کرده و استحسان آنها بر اساس اصول عقلایی توسعه یافته است. و نقد علماء بر استحسان معتزلی بیشتر بر استقلال عقل و تقدم آن بر نص استوار است. نتیجه نهایی این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که استحسان احناف اصول اجتهادی درون ‌فقهی، نص محور، وقیاس محوراست. در حالی‌ که استحسان معتزله ابزاری برای داوری اخلاقی و عقلی به شمار می‌ رود. مقایسه این دو نشان می‌ دهد که استحسان در تاریخ این دواندیشۀ اسلامی مفهوم متفاوت است و بر پایه دو نظریه وباور مستقل شکل گرفته است. واستحسان فقهی احناف مرجح است. نوآوری تحقیق دراین است که برای نخستین بار با رویکرد نظام مند، کوشش میشود تفکیک ماهیت هردو استحسان نشان داده شود و تفاوت های مهم این دو دیدگاه در نظریه اجتهاد و درک مقاصد شریعت تحلیل گردد.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: استحسان احناف
  topic: keywords
subject: استحسان عقلی معتزله
  topic: keywords
subject: قیاس
  topic: keywords
subject: حسن و قبح عقلی
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Qadir Ghaznavi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 206
ending page: 244
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue18.n8.Fall.2025

An Examination of the Effects of Social Networks on Youth and Adolescents
type: item
description: این نبشته ی پژوهشی تمرکز بردرک اثرات اخلاقی شبکه های اجتماعی برجوانان و نوجوانان دارد و پرده از مشکلاتی بر میدارد که به اثر بهره گیری از شبکه های اجتماعی متوجه ایشان می شود. اهمیت تحقیق در این است که استفاده ی لجام گسیخته از شبکه های اجتماعی و عدم توجه به مدیریت خود و هنجارمندسازی نحوه ی بهره گیری، اثرات زننده و جبران ناپذیر را بر حیات علمی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و... کاربران می گذارد؛ و توجه به کاربرد مثبت این دنیای مجازی، فرجام نیک را بر قشر جوان و نوجوان رقم می زند. هدف تحقیق این است تا با این پژوهش، اثرات مثبت و منفی استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی برای جوانان و نوجوانان بر ملا گردد و با درک خطرات آن، استفاده از این شبکه ها را اصولمند سازند و از آسیب های آن درمان قرار گیرند. روش تحقیق در این مطالعه، کمی وکیفی بوده و استوار بر تحلیل و توصیف یافته هایی است که از نظریات و آرای پاسخ دهندگان پرسش نامه ها و از لایه های کتاب ها بدست آمده است. مهم ترین یافته های تحقیق این است که شبکه های اجتماعی تاثیر مثبت و منفی بر قشر جوان و نوجوان می گذرد و اثرات منفی اش بر قشر جوان، در صورت عدم مدیریت، بیشتر می باشد. این تحقیق با نتیجه گیری و منابع استفاده شده پایان یافته است.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: اثرات
  topic: keywords
subject: شبکه‌ها
  topic: keywords
subject: اجتماعی
  topic: keywords
subject: اخلاقی
  topic: keywords
subject: جوانان
  topic: keywords
subject: نوجوانان
  topic: keywords
subject: کابل
  topic: keywords
creator: پوهنمل نقیب الله حمید
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 188
ending page: 205
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue18.n7.Fall.2025

نظریه فقهی؛ حقیقت، پیدایش، اهمیت و نقشِ آن در تدوین قوانین
type: item
description: اصطلاح «نظریه‌های فقهی» از جمله اصطلاحات جدید به‌شمار می‌رود و در فقه اسلامی گذشته رایج نبوده است؛ بلکه شیوه‌ای نوین از تألیف فقهی است که توسط فقهای معاصر، که میان تحقیق و مطالعهٔ شریعت اسلامی و قانون وضعی جمع کرده‌اند، استخراج شده است. این پژوهش به بررسی جنبهٔ تأصیلی/پایه‌ای این اصطلاح می‌پردازد، از حیث حقیقت آن، پیدایش آن و روند تکامل آن، میزان وجود محتوای آن در تراث فقهی قدیم، و همچنین میزان اهمیت آن در حوزهٔ مطالعات فقهی معاصر و نقش آن در تدوین قوانین و نظام‌های قانونگذاری امروزی. این تحقیق از روش کتابخانه‌ای و توصیفی ـ تحلیلی استفاده کرده است؛ بدین‌گونه که تعریف‌های فقهای معاصر دربارهٔ نظریهٔ فقهی از منابع مختلف گردآوری شده، سپس بیان، تحلیل و نقد گردیده است. از آن بعد تعریف برگزیدهٔ نظریهٔ فقهی و عناصر آن توضیح داده شده است. ارزش علمی این پژوهش در ارائهٔ یک تعریف جامع از نظریه‌های فقهی نهفته است و بر این نکته تأکید می‌کند که محتوای «نظریه‌های فقهی» به معنای معاصر آن، در اندیشهٔ فقهای پیشین ما وجود داشته است، هرچند از این اصطلاح استفاده نمی‌کردند. همچنین ارزش علمی این تحقیق در تأکید بر اهمیت مطالعهٔ نظریه‌های فقهی در عصر حاضر در عرصهٔ تقنین و قانونگذاری آشکار می‌شود؛ زیرا راه را برای بهره‌گیری از آن‌ها در تدوین قوانین و اسناد تقنینی هموار می‌سازد، نظریه های فقهی همچنان تحقیق و پژوهش در فقه اسلامی را برای قانون‌گذاران، قضات و غیرمتخصصان نیز آسان می‌کند، در حل بسیاری از مسائل نوپدید و نوازل معاصر سهم می‌گیرد، و به پذیرش و به‌کارگیری احکام شریعت اسلامی در عرصهٔ قانونگذاری زمینه مساعد می‌سازد.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: نظریه‌
  topic: keywords
subject: فقه
  topic: keywords
subject: نظریهٔ فقهی
  topic: keywords
subject: فقه معاصر
  topic: keywords
subject: تدوین
  topic: keywords
subject: قوانین
  topic: keywords
creator: دکتور محمد اکبر زاهد
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 162
ending page: 187
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue18.n6.Fall.2025

د اسلامي امارت او هند اړيکې؛ فرصتونه او ننګونې
type: item
description: د دې څېړنې له لارې له ۲۰۲۱ز.کال وروسته د اسلامي امارت او هند اړيکې څېړل کېږي او هڅه کېږي چې په دغو اړيکو کې شته فرصتونه او ننګونې روښانه شي. د څېړنې موخه، د اسلامي امارت او هند د اړيکو څېړل او په دغو اړيکو کې د شته فرصتونو او ننګونو رابرسيره کول دي. د څېړنې پوښتنه دا ده چې د افغاستان اسلامي امارت او هند اړيکې له کومو ننګونو سره مخامخ دي او هغه کوم فرصتونه دي چې دغه اړيکې رغولی شي؟ په دې ليکنه کې د څېړنې له توصيفي- تحليلي مېتود او د موادو په راټولولو کې له کتابتوني ډول څخه ګټه اخيستل شوې ده. د څېړنې موندنې ښايي چې، له تاريخي پلوه د اسلامي امارت او هند اړيکې ښې نه دي پاتې شوي او په ۲۰۲۱ز.کال کې د افغانستان اسلامي امارت له بيا واکمنۍ وروسته تر ۲۰۲۵ز.کال پورې هم دغه اړيکې نږدې نه وې، خو په ۲۰۲۵ز.کال کې د اسلامي امارت او پاکستان د اړيکو د خرابېدو وروسته، دغه اړيکې ښې او نږدې شوې. د اسلامي امارت او هند په اړيکو کې د پاکستان سره د اسلامي امارت د اړيکو خرابوالی، د هند او افغانستان دوه اړخيزې اقتصادي اړتياوې، ګډې سيمه ييزې پروژې او د روسيې سره د دواړو هېوادونو ښې اړيکې هغه فرصتونه دي چې دغه اړيکې لا پياوړې کولای شي. همدارنګه د هند او اسلامي امارت خرابې تاريخي اړيکې، د هند امنيتي اندېښنې، په افغانستان کې د چين د پام وړ پرمختګ او نفوذ او د نړيوالې ټولنې له لوري د اسلامي امارت په رسميت نه پېژندنه، هغه ننګونې دي چې په دغو اړيکو کې موجودې دي.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: اسلامي امارت
  topic: keywords
subject: هند
  topic: keywords
subject: دوه‌اړخیزې اړیکې
  topic: keywords
subject: فرصتونه
  topic: keywords
subject: ننګونې
  topic: keywords
creator: څېړنوال عبدالصبور مبارز
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 144
ending page: 161
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue18.n5.Fall.2025

امنیت سایبری و استعمار دیجیتال: بررسی وابستگی زیرساخت های سایبری کشور های جنوب به قدرت های شمال
type: item
description: در عصر تحول دیجیتال، امنیت سایبری به یکی از مؤلفه‌های اساسی امنیت ملی و حاکمیت دولتها تبدیل شده است. کشورهای جنوب جهان با نوعی وابستگی ساختاری به زیرساخت‌های دیجیتال، خدمات ابری، پلتفرم‌های نرم‌افزاری و تجهیزات تخنیکی متعلق به قدرت‌های شمال مواج‌ه اند؛ وابستگی که میتواند زمینه ساز شکل گیری الگوهای نوین «استعمار دیجیتال» گردد. تحقیق حاضر با رویکرد کیفی و روش توصیفی – تحلیلی، به بررسی ابعاد فنی و سیاسی این وابستگی پرداخته و تلاش نموده است تا با استفاده از چارچوب‌های شناخته شده امنیت سایبری و مدل ارزیابی ریسک (ریسک = تهدید × آسیب پذیری × پیامد)، مفهوم استعمار دیجیتال را از سطح گفتمان سیاسی به سطح تحلیل فنی و قابل سنجش ارتقاء دهد. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان میدهد که وابستگی در لایه های اطلاعات، شبکه، پلتفرم و زیرساخت فزیکی، میتواند حاکمیت اطلاعاتی، امنیت زیرساخت‌های حیاتی و استقلال فناورانه کشورهای جنوب را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. همچنین تحلیل‌ها بیانگر آن است که کاهش این وابستگی مستلزم توسعه ظرفیت‌های بومی امنیت سایبری، سرمایه گذاری در نوآوری تخنیکی، ایجاد مراکز عملیات امنیتی ملی، و بازنگری در چارچوب‌های حقوقی بین‌المللی مرتبط با حاکمیت دیجیتال میباشد. این تحقیق بر اساس مرور نظام مند منابع علمی داوری شده، گزارش‌های رسمی بین‌المللی و تحلیل مطالعات موردی منتخب انجام شده است.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: امنیت سایبری
  topic: keywords
subject: استعمار دیجیتال
  topic: keywords
subject: وابستگی سایبری
  topic: keywords
subject: قدرت‌های شمال
  topic: keywords
subject: کشورهای جنوب
  topic: keywords
subject: زیرساخت سایبری
  topic: keywords
creator: پوهنیار عبدالحمید رفعت
creator: نامزد پوهنیار محمد اجمل عزیزی
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 118
ending page: 143
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue18.n4.Fall.2025

د حاکم د اطاعت سرحدونه او پولې
type: item
description: دا څېړنه په اسلامي شریعت کې د "حاکم د اطاعت پولې او سرحدونه"په هراړخیزه توګه څېړي. د مقالې بنسټیزه مسئله دا ده چې په داسې حال کې چې هر نظام د واک د پراختیا غریزه لري، خو اسلامي شریعت د استبداد د مخنیوي لپاره د حاکم صلاحیتونه په دقیقو پولو کې محدود کړي دي. په دغه بحث کې د هغو افراطي او سطحي نظریاتو (لکه د مدخلي او جامي سلفیانو) نقد شوی چې د حاکم مطلق اطاعت، حتی په معصیت او فسق کې هم، فرض ګڼي. د مقالې محوري موندنې ښيي چې په اسلام کې د حاکم اطاعت مطلق نه، بلکې په لاندې څلورو اساسي قیودو مقید دی: ۱. شرعي قید (المعروف): اطاعت یوازې په معروف کې واجب دی او د الله په نافرمانۍ کې د هیڅ مخلوق اطاعت جواز نه لري. ۲. د مصلحت قید: د حاکم هر ډول تصرف او قانون باید د ولس پر عام مصلحت او ګټه ولاړ وي، که داسې نه وي، نو شرعي نفاذ نه لري. ۳. تعاقدي یا د تړون قید: د حاکم او ملت اړیکه یو "عقد" یا "وکالت" دی؛ حاکم د ملت وکیل دی او مکلف دی چې د ولس سره د شوي تړون او وثیقې (اساسي قانون) په رڼا کې عمل وکړي. ۴. اخلاقي قید: واکمن باید په خپلو پرېکړو کې د اسلامي اخلاقو لکه عدل، مساوات، رحمت او وفاء رعایت وکړي. څېړنه د حنفي فقهاوو او معتبرو اسلامي سرچینو په رڼا کې ثابتوي چې د استبداد د مخنیوي او د حقونو د خوندیتوب لپاره شورائیت (مشوره)، د ولس څارنه او د متخصصینو د مجلس شتون حتمي ضمانتونه دي. په پای کې، مقاله یو متوازن لیدلوری وړاندې کوي چې د رعایت په نتیجه کې یې نه په ټولنه کې ګډوډي رامنځته کېږي او نه هم د ظالمانه استبداد لپاره لاره هوارېږي.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: حاکم
  topic: keywords
subject: اطاعت
  topic: keywords
subject: سرحدونه
  topic: keywords
subject: شرعي قید (المعروف)
  topic: keywords
subject: مصلحت
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Misbahullah Abdulbaqi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 63
ending page: 117
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue18.n3.Fall.2025

Disagreement and Its Etiquette in the Light of Islamic Sharia
type: item
description: اختلاف و آداب آن بحثی است که روی اهمیت آن در شرایط کنونی -که انواع اختلافات در جامعه رونما است- به نگارش گرفته شده است، و درین بحث راجع به معنای لغوی و اصطلاحی اختلاف و انواع آن، بحث به میان آمده؛ اختلاف مذموم و مشروع ذکر یافته؛ به خاستگاه اختلاف و اسباب آن، توضیحات مناسب داده شده؛ آداب اختلاف بصورت تفصیلی مورد کنکاش قرار گرفته و به خاطر توضیح بیشتر ابعاد آن طی مطالب متعددی: مطلبی بنام آداب هنگام اختلاف، آداب برون رفت از اختلاف، آداب اخلاقی اختلاف، آداب علمی اختلاف و آداب اجتماعی اختلاف به بررسی گرفته شده است و درپایان مبحثی بنام: اختلاف علمای سلف، به حیث نمونه برای اقتداء به آنان مورد بحث قرار گرفته شده و در خاتمه نتائج و یافته های بحث تذکر یافته و پیشنهادات درج شده است. در نتائج بحث از طبیعی بودن اختلاف و لزوم رعایت آداب آن در صورت بروز اختلاف، و از شیوه های علمای سلف و رعایت آداب اختلاف به صورت همه جانبه آن و موضوعات دیگر بحث صورت گرفته است.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: اختلاف
  topic: keywords
subject: آداب
  topic: keywords
subject: پرتو
  topic: keywords
subject: شریعت
  topic: keywords
subject: اسلامی
  topic: keywords
creator: Pro, Dr. Mohammad Ismail Labib Balkhi
creator: Shukrullah Mukhlis
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 35
ending page: 62
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue18.n2.Fall.2025

Progress and Backwardness of Societies and Civilizations in the Light of the Holy Qur’an
type: item
description: This article examines the factors of progress and backwardness of societies and civilizations in light of the Holy Quran. The study shows that faith, knowledge, justice, adherence to cosmic and social laws, cooperation and solidarity, ethical values, a suitable environment and economic resources, and a stable political system are considered the main factors for the advancement of societies and civilizations. Likewise, deviation in belief, despotic rulers, oppression, and corruption in its various forms are regarded as causes of the backwardness and decline of societies and civilizations. The study indicates that adherence to Qur’anic principles and utilization of divine laws is the key to the continuity and flourishing of societies and civilizations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: جوامع
  topic: keywords
subject: تمدن ها
  topic: keywords
subject: ایمان
  topic: keywords
subject: علم/ دانش
  topic: keywords
subject: عدالت
  topic: keywords
subject: سنن کونی
  topic: keywords
subject: ظلم
  topic: keywords
subject: فساد
  topic: keywords
subject: ‌استبداد و نظام سیاسی مستقر
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mohammad Taher Qasemi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 34
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue18.n1.Fall.2025

An Analysis of the Factors Behind Afghan Migration to Other Countries (Case Study: Iran and Its Adverse Effects)
type: item
description: Migration is a complex social phenomenon that arises from multiple causes. While it is sometimes considered an involuntary and forced act, in other instances it becomes a deliberate and strategic decision made by certain groups or institutions. Countries involved in migration processes are generally classified into two categories: those that primarily receive migrants and those that primarily send them. The causes of migration are commonly grouped into two main categories: internal factors and external factors. Among these, external factors are often shaped by the political ideologies and structural systems of destination countries. In the case of Afghan migration, several key external factors can be identified. These include: deliberate facilitation of brain drain by Western countries; immigration policies that encourage the outflow of skilled individuals from developing nations; demographic strategies aimed at reducing Muslim populations while increasing their own; the creation of employment opportunities and provision of welfare benefits to attract migrants; simplified processes for absorbing intellectual talent from the Global South; and the political and economic weakening of developing countries through systematic migration. In addition, such patterns may later be used as a tool for political pressure or leverage. This study aims to investigate these external drivers of Afghan migration, with particular attention to migration flows toward European countries. The research focuses on identifying the motives and conditions that enable such migration. Its importance lies in the argument that a clear understanding of these external factors is essential for designing strategies to manage and reduce migration pressures. This is a qualitative study based on descriptive and analytical methods. Data were collected through academic books, peer-reviewed articles, credible online sources, and the researcher’s own field-based observations and analyses. The findings suggest …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: External Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghan Migrants
  topic: keywords
subject: Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Drivers
  topic: keywords
creator: Senior Lecturer Mulla jan rahmani
creator: Professor Mohammad Kazim Yousufi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 732
ending page: 744
doi: 10.64104/10.64104/v10.Issue17.n41.2025

Cultural and Educational Factors and Their Role in Afghan Migration Abroad
type: item
description: Afghan emigration has become a major social trend over recent decades, influenced by intertwined political, economic, cultural, and educational factors. While conflict and economic instability are often highlighted, the role of cultural restrictions and limited educational opportunities has received comparatively less attention. This study focuses on these underexplored drivers of migration, particularly the lack of quality education and restrictive cultural norms, which limit personal and professional development and encourage emigration -especially among youth and professionals. The aim of this review is to examine how cultural values, literacy levels, gender-based constraints, and inadequate educational infrastructure shape migration decisions. A library-based methodology using descriptive and analytical approaches was employed to synthesize academic and institutional literature on Afghan migration. Findings indicate that Afghanistan’s weak education system, scarce academic resources, and sociocultural barriers significantly limit upward mobility. In particular, gender-based restrictions and societal expectations heavily influence the decision to migrate, especially for individuals seeking intellectual growth and professional advancement. The appeal of better educational prospects abroad remains a major pull factor, contributing to a growing “brain drain”. While emigration provides individuals with access to global opportunities, it also undermines Afghanistan’s human capital and hampers long-term development. This review underscores the importance of reforming domestic education, promoting gender equity, and fostering international academic cooperation. Addressing these issues through culturally informed and sustainable strategies is essential to reduce forced migration and strengthen Afghanistan’s social and intellectual foundation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cultural Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational System
  topic: keywords
subject: Immigration
  topic: keywords
subject: Unemployment
  topic: keywords
creator: Naseer Mukhlis
creator: Reza Joia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 959
ending page: 972
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.52.2025

An Integrated Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Push and Pull Factors in Afghan Irregular Migration: Insights for Sustainable Policy Responses
type: item
description: Irregular migration from Afghanistan persists as a critical socio-political and economic issue affecting both origin and destination countries. Despite extensive empirical studies, the lack of theoretical integration has hindered comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional drivers of Afghan migration. This study employs, mixed-methods approach, grounded in Lee's Push-Pull Theory Dependency Theory, and Functionalism to analyze the factors influencing Afghan irregular migration and returnee reintegration. Data were collected from 150 returnees originating from Iran, Pakistan, and selected European countries through structured surveys and in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that economic instability, insecurity, and lack of access to essential services are dominant push factors, while employment prospects, social networks, and legal protections in host countries serve as strong pull factors. Reintegration challenges such as unemployment, social stigmatization, and persistent insecurity significantly contribute to a high propensity for re-migration among returnees. The study underscores the need for inclusive development policies, strengthened regional migration governance, and targeted reintegration strategies. These insights provide valuable direction for policymakers seeking to manage migration sustainably and support returnees effectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afghan Irregular Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Push and Pull Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Theories
  topic: keywords
subject: Returnee Reintegration
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar
creator: Ebadullah Amir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 938
ending page: 958
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n51.2025

Academic Hijra: Exploratory Case Study Investigating Factors for Emigration of Afghan Female Scholars
type: item
description: This paper presents the findings and discussion on the factors responsible for the emigration of female Afghan academics and scholars from Afghanistan. The review of literature had highlighted a significant lacuna in engagement and voice of migrant female Afghan academics. Thereby, the research undertaken through an exploratory interpretative-narrative case study approach uncovered three emergent themes leading to the identification of a single major factor influencing their decision. The interview schedule, as an ensuing narrative, uncovered the loss of individual liberty; the paucity in criticality in academic thought-practice (praxis) and the ‘lack of belonging both within academia and society’ as underlying factors, which the study classifies as emergent themes to formulate and identify the driving force and motivation for emigration, the major finding of the study, which is encapsulated in the notion of an ‘enforced disengagement’.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Female professors
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
subject: forced deprivation
  topic: keywords
subject: freedom
  topic: keywords
subject: academic challenges
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Imran H Khan Suddahazai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 898
ending page: 937
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n50.2025

Factors Contributing to Brain Drain and Strategies for Retaining Skilled Professionals in Afghanistan: A Multisectoral Approach
type: item
description: This qualitative study investigates the underlying factors contributing to brain drain in Afghanistan and proposes actionable strategies to retain skilled professionals. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 33 Afghan professionals residing in various countries, the research identifies key drivers of emigration, including political instability, poor quality of life, ethnic discrimination, economic hardship, personal insecurity, lack of professional growth, and an uncertain future. Participants’ narratives reveal the multidimensional nature of intellectual migration and highlight the urgent need for systemic reforms. Proposed retention strategies include enhancing political stability and governance, improving public services and infrastructure, enforcing anti-discrimination measures, creating economic and employment opportunities, and engaging the Afghan diaspora. The findings underscore the importance of a holistic, multi-sectoral approach to mitigating brain drain and fostering an environment conducive to personal and professional fulfillment. This study offers practical insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and scholars aiming to strengthen Afghanistan’s human capital base and support long-term national development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brain drain
  topic: keywords
subject: skilled migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Political instability
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic constraints
  topic: keywords
subject: Diaspora engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: Retention strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Professional development
  topic: keywords
subject: Qualitative research
  topic: keywords
creator: Azatullah Zaheer
creator: Senior Lecturer Dr.Abdullah Sadiq
creator: Asadullah Surobi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 873
ending page: 897
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n49.2025

The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Brain Drain and Remittances: Identifying Strategic Priorities for Afghanistan’s Economic Development
type: item
description: This study investigates the cost-benefit dynamics of brain drain and remittances in Afghanistan, focusing on their socio-economic impacts and strategic implications for sustainable development. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates qualitative thematic analysis and quantitative regression models to examine the relationship between skilled migration, remittances, and overall economic performance, including GDP and human capital development. Data were sourced from international reports, academic studies, and global databases, capturing a comprehensive view of migration and remittance trends. The findings reveal that political instability, restrictive policies, and limited professional opportunities are major drivers of brain drain, undermining Afghanistan’s economic resilience and growth. While remittances positively contribute to GDP and poverty alleviation, over-reliance on these inflows creates long-term economic vulnerabilities. The study emphasizes the importance of governance reforms, strategies to retain skilled professionals, and policies to channel remittances into productive investments. These findings provide actionable insights for addressing brain drain while leveraging remittances for Afghanistan’s sustainable development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brain drain
  topic: keywords
subject: Remittances
  topic: keywords
subject: Skilled migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic development
  topic: keywords
subject: Political instability
  topic: keywords
subject: Human capital
  topic: keywords
subject: Governance reforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-economic challenges
  topic: keywords
creator: Senior Lecturer Dr.Abdullah Sadiq
creator: Azatullah Zaheer
creator: Safiullah Shinwari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 840
ending page: 872
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n48.2025

Brain Drain in Afghanistan’s Public Universities: Examining the Experiences of Migrated Faculty Members
type: item
description: The migration of academic professionals from Afghanistan’s public universities has escalated following the political transition of August 2021, presenting critical challenges to the country’s higher education system. This qualitative study explores the motivations, lived experiences, and institutional consequences of teacher migration, drawing on semi-structured interviews with 11 university faculty members who relocated abroad. Thematic analysis, guided by Braun and Clarke’s (2006) framework, was employed to categorize findings across personal, organizational, and national dimensions. The analysis revealed that political instability, economic insecurity, limited academic freedom, and concerns for family safety were key factors influencing migration decisions. Participants also cited low salaries and the lack of research opportunities as significant push factors. The departure of experienced faculty has led to a decline in educational quality, loss of institutional knowledge, and weakened research capacity within universities. To mitigate these effects, the study recommends coordinated action by the Afghan government, university leadership, and international stakeholders. Specific measures include fostering institutional security through higher education reforms, enhancing economic incentives, safeguarding academic freedom, and expanding opportunities for professional growth. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of engaging the Afghan academic diaspora through structured knowledge-exchange initiatives, virtual collaborations, and short-term academic projects. While the implementation of these recommendations may face constraints such as limited funding and political uncertainty, their gradual adoption offers a pathway toward stabilizing and revitalizing Afghanistan’s higher education sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brain Drain
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Universities
  topic: keywords
subject: Teacher Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Thematic Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Freedom
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Instability
  topic: keywords
creator: Abid Momand
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
starting page: 822
ending page: 839
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n47.2025

The impact of skilled workforce migration on Emerging technologies in Afghanistan
type: item
description: The mass migration of Afghanistan’s skilled IT workforce since 2021 has had profound consequences on the country’s technological infrastructure and capacity for innovation. This paper investigates the multidimensional impact of this brain drain, with a particular focus on enterprise systems, software development, computer science education, and the adoption of emerging technologies. Using case studies such as the failed Oracle Solaris migration at Kabul Bank and institutional data from Afghan universities and public sector databases, we demonstrate how the loss of over 70% of certified IT professionals has led to systemic failures, stalled projects, increased cybersecurity risks, and a weakened talent pipeline. Beyond assessing the damage, this study also explores strategic responses to mitigate the effects of workforce migration. Recommended solutions include strengthening STEM education, incentivizing talent retention and return migration, fostering public-private partnerships, improving digital infrastructure, and promoting remote collaboration with the Afghan diaspora. The research concludes that while the challenges are severe, a coordinated, multi-stakeholder approach rooted in policy reform, investment, and international collaboration can help Afghanistan rebuild a resilient, self-sustaining tech ecosystem and reclaim its position in the global technological landscape.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Emerging technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: Enterprise systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Software development
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Oracle Solaris
  topic: keywords
creator: Salim Ahmadzai
creator: Zarmash Gardiwal
creator: Naseer A Shinwari
creator: Mahmood Afghan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
starting page: 810
ending page: 821
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n46.2025

Factors Driving Migration from Afghanistan with Emphasis on the Recent Wave and the Emigration of Elites
type: item
description: Migration has a long-standing history in Afghanistan, with all its forms, including displacement and asylum-seeking, having been experienced throughout the country’s political past. The objective of this study is to address the key question: what are the primary factors influencing the recent wave of migration following the U.S. military withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021 (1400), particularly the migration of elites, and how do these factors shape migration decision-making? This research adopts a qualitative approach and is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with twenty political, social, and academic experts. The collected data were coded and analyzed using Nvivo 12 software through thematic analysis. The findings indicate that economic, political, socio-cultural, and educational factors have served as the main drivers of elite migration from Afghanistan. These factors exert influence not only in the country of origin but also in destination countries. The final results of the study reveal that lack of employment opportunities, poverty, restrictions on civil liberties, limited access to education (especially for girls), and deficiencies in the provision of social services are among the most significant factors intensifying the motivation for elite migration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Brain Drain
  topic: keywords
subject: Elites
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Factors
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Rahman Karimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 792
ending page: 809
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n45.2025

The Role of Media-Based Public Awareness in Preventing Irregular Migration
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the constructive role of media-driven public awareness in the prevention of irregular migration. It is qualitative research conducted using the focus group method with seven senior faculty members from the Faculty of Journalism at Nangarhar University. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that although the credibility of mass media is generally high, the credibility of social media varies significantly. A considerable number of individuals inclined toward irregular migration rely on social media as their primary source of information. Likewise, human traffickers exploit social media platforms to persuade young people to migrate through illegal channels for financial gain. Despite this, social media has also been identified as an effective tool in anti-migration awareness campaigns. News genres and audio-visual spots are considered among the most effective formats for delivering media content. Thus, the media is not only a means of disseminating information but also plays a critical role in shaping public opinion, influencing beliefs, and guiding decision-making processes. If utilized strategically and responsibly, media can serve as a powerful instrument in preventing irregular migration. This study recommends the production of evidence-based and high-quality content to support future media interventions in this domain.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Visual messages
  topic: keywords
subject: social media
  topic: keywords
subject: audio messages
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
subject: media campaign
  topic: keywords
subject: media-based public awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: irregular migration
  topic: keywords
creator: Associate Professor Ahmad Saeed
creator: Senior Lecturer Afsar Sadiq Shinwari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 781
ending page: 791
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n44.2025

Investigating the Living Conditions of Afghan migrants in Iran, Challenges and Solutions.
type: item
description: This study examines the economic and social conditions of Afghan migrants residing in Iran, focusing on their access to education and healthcare services, as well as their legal and residency status. In addition, the research aims to propose strategies that support the sustainable reintegration of these migrants upon their return to Afghanistan. An applied research design was adopted, using a descriptive-analytical approach combined with a survey-based methodology. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistical techniques, particularly mean analysis, were employed to assess the migrants’ living conditions. The findings reveal that Afghan migrants in Iran face generally unfavorable living circumstances, with an overall mean score of 2.506. The most critical challenge identified is the high cost of living compared to Iranian citizens, with a mean score of 4.09. In contrast, the least significant issue reported was insufficient income to meet living expenses, which received a mean score of 1.54. Based on these findings, the study recommends strategic interventions to improve the reintegration outcomes of returning Afghan migrants and to reduce the likelihood of re-migration. Key recommendations include: the creation of sustainable employment opportunities; strengthening of social rights; expansion of access to education and healthcare services; targeted investments in the productive, service, and agricultural sectors; enhancement of economic infrastructure; and the provision of financial support and resettlement assistance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Iran
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Policies
  topic: keywords
subject: Migrant Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Situation
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant professor Nasrullah Baloch
creator: Assistant professor Noorullah Abedi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 764
ending page: 780
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n43.2025

Push Factors Contributing to Brain Drain with Emphasis on Origin-Based Determinants (Everett Lee's Theory) A Case Study of Kunduz City
type: item
description: Human capital is one of the most meaningful and strategic resources in the development equation of nations, playing an increasingly influential role in the process of national growth. Unfortunately, developing and underdeveloped countries, despite their limited income and resources, invest in cultivating such talent in the hope that it will contribute to development. However, due to unfavorable political, economic, social, and security conditions in the country of origin, this talent often chooses to migrate abroad. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the push factors contributing to the brain drain from the city of Kunduz, based on Everett Lee’s migration theory. By focusing on adverse economic, social, and security conditions in the country of origin, this research seeks to explain the reasons behind the outmigration of skilled human capital. The study is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in methodology, employing statistical tools for analysis. The main research question addresses which factors, in line with Everett Lee's theory, are most influential in driving the brain drain from Kunduz. The research hypotheses include all origin-based push factors outlined in Everett Lee’s migration theory, along with additional factors identified by the researchers in the field, amounting to a total of seventeen variables. The statistical population includes 155,964 individuals residing in eight districts of Kunduz city. Using the Morgan sampling table, a sample of 382 respondents was selected through proportional stratified sampling. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire, which was distributed online. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.865, indicating strong internal consistency. The results of the Friedman ranking test show that among the seventeen hypothesized push factors influencing brain drain from Kunduz, the most…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brain Drain
  topic: keywords
subject: Push Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Everett Lee's Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Kunduz City
  topic: keywords
creator: Momen Noori
creator: Zubaidullah Seerat
creator: Mohammad Nabi Rafi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 745
ending page: 763
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n42.2025

Exploring the Factors That Restrain and Regulate Afghan Migration
type: item
description: The implementation of effective government measures to prevent Afghan youth from migrating, particularly to neighboring countries, stems from several underlying factors. However, the government can help reduce the outflow of young, active, and skilled individuals through various actions, including: prosecuting human traffickers, securing border areas, expanding educational opportunities, improving national security, combating poverty and unemployment, addressing family and tribal disputes, resisting harmful cultural practices, making marriage more affordable, promoting the intellectual and academic development of the younger generation, ensuring respectful and balanced behavior from authorities, enhancing agricultural productivity and using it to manage migration, developing natural resources such as mines, managing the country’s water resources, establishing factories and production centers, preparing for natural disasters, controlling rapid population growth, launching state-led employment programs, applying Islamic economic laws, strengthening the agricultural system, creating diverse job opportunities, and other practical steps that can help prevent migration. The purpose of this study is to explore and analyze the main deterrent factors that can reduce Afghan migration to different countries around the world. The significance of this research lies in its potential to address serious social challenges and propose solutions that can protect Afghanistan from the harms and negative reputation caused by widespread migration. This study is qualitative, descriptive, and analytical in nature. Data were collected from books, academic articles, internet sources, and the researcher’s field observations and analyses. The findings provide insight into the actions and factors that can deter or control Afghan migration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Deterrents
  topic: keywords
subject: Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghans
  topic: keywords
creator: Senior Lecturer Mulla jan rahmani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-08
publication date: 2026-01-08
starting page: 720
ending page: 731
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n40.2025

An Analysis of the Situation of Afghan Migrants in Tehran: Exploring Social, Psychological, Legal Experiences and the Impact of International Support
type: item
description: The migration of Afghans represents one of the longest-standing and most complex migration crises at the international level, with wide-ranging social, economic, and political consequences for both origin and host countries. This study aims to assess the living conditions of Afghan migrants, their legal and social challenges, and the extent of international support provided to them. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology. Data were collected through a researcher-designed online questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, resulting in a total of 384 participants. A purposive, snowball (network-based) sampling method was used to select respondents. The findings indicate that the majority of Afghan migrants in Iran lack legal documentation and have limited access to healthcare services, education, and employment opportunities. Additionally, experiences of forced deportation and the host country’s restrictive policies have negatively impacted the psychological and social well-being of these migrants. Correlation analysis further revealed a direct relationship between poor living conditions and increased psychological stress among migrants. The study concludes by offering recommendations to improve the legal and social status of Afghan migrants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afghan Migrants
  topic: keywords
subject: Living Conditions
  topic: keywords
subject: International Support
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Status
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Policies
  topic: keywords
creator: Senior Lecturer Mostafa Mohammadi
creator: Associate Professor Abdul Razzaq Nazari
creator: Senior Lecturer Tayeba Fazli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-08
publication date: 2026-01-08
starting page: 700
ending page: 719
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n39.2025

Social Consequences of Migration for the People of Afghanistan
type: item
description: Migration, as a social phenomenon, exerts a significant influence on various aspects and dimensions of society. In the context of Afghanistan, where the country has experienced complex conditions over recent decades, this phenomenon has become deeply interwoven with the lives of most Afghan families. The central question of the present study is how migration affects social roles, family structure, and the social identity of Afghans. The importance of this issue arises from the fact that large-scale migration, driven by political, economic, security, and environmental crises, has created not only individual-level consequences but also profound social challenges for Afghan society. The aim of this study is to analyze the social consequences of migration for the people of Afghanistan and to present a comprehensive picture of both the positive and negative impacts of this phenomenon. This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and relies on secondary data sources. The data were collected from reports published by international organizations, case studies, and academic articles. The findings of the study indicate that migration has led to the breakdown of social networks, changes in family roles, and the emergence of identity crises among Afghan migrants. To mitigate the negative effects of migration and to strengthen its positive outcomes, policymakers should adopt more comprehensive approaches. These include investing in economic development and the creation of sustainable job opportunities, improving access to education and healthcare services, and reinforcing social cohesion in origin communities. Additionally, raising public awareness about the risks of irregular migration and supporting Afghan migrants in host communities can contribute to reducing the adverse consequences of this phenomenon.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Consequences
  topic: keywords
subject: Opportunities
  topic: keywords
subject: Challenges
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Professor Mohammad Mohammadi
creator: Assistant Professor Mortaza Rassoli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 682
ending page: 699
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n38.2025

The Role of Engagement and Convergence in the Retention of Elites in Afghanistan
type: item
description: The retention of elites in Afghanistan represents one of the key challenges to achieving sustainable development and realizing social, economic, and political progress. As essential components of human capital, elites play a critical role in driving national transformation. However, a range of factors—such as corruption, social inequalities, political instability, and the lack of suitable employment opportunities—have contributed to increased emigration and weakened engagement between elites and society. This study employs a descriptive-analytical and inductive methodology to examine the role of engagement and convergence in fostering the long-term presence of elites in Afghanistan. It also assesses the key determinants of their retention. The findings indicate that enhancing transparency and accountability in governance, strengthening the educational system, ensuring social justice, expanding employment opportunities, improving security and political stability, and supporting professionals are among the most effective strategies for retaining elites within the country. Achieving this objective, and thereby advancing sustainable development in Afghanistan, requires comprehensive collaboration between the state and its elite class to establish a conducive environment for growth and progress.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Elites
  topic: keywords
subject: Engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: Convergence
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational System
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Stability
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Omar Mobarez
creator: Shila Jamshidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 666
ending page: 681
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n37.2025

The Lives of Afghan Migrants in Western Countries: Challenges, Opportunities, and Consequences
type: item
description: This study examines the lives of Afghan migrants in Western countries and seeks to answer the question of what challenges and opportunities they face, as well as the consequences of these experiences for them. The research method used in this study is grounded theory. The sampling strategy was purposive, through which interviews were conducted with fifteen Afghan migrants residing in Western countries. The findings indicate that Afghan migrants in Western societies face a range of challenges. These include socio-cultural challenges such as feelings of displacement, unfamiliarity with the language, cultural differences, and nostalgia for the homeland; economic challenges such as tax obligations, forced labor, and the financial costs of migration; and political-security challenges such as the presence of anti-immigrant groups, unsafe migration routes, and the creation of insecurity within European contexts. At the same time, these migrants also have access to certain opportunities. These include socio-cultural opportunities such as social integration, prospects for advancement, and the value placed on ethnic diversity in Western societies; economic opportunities such as access to welfare benefits and favorable working conditions; and political-security opportunities such as equal human rights and the possibility of acquiring citizenship. The consequences of this situation for Afghan migrants include the maintenance of transnational ties, weakening of intra-ethnic interactions, and financial support of family members. The results of the study suggest that although Afghan migrants express satisfaction with life in Western countries, their experiences are marked by various problems, limitations, and identity attachments. Their sense of identity cannot be understood in a singular or linear way. Instead, their collective and individual identities are shaped by both their lives in Afghanistan and in the Western countries where they now reside, resulting in a hybrid identity…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Western Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Grounded Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Challenges and Opportunities
  topic: keywords
creator: Senior Lecturer Dr. Mohammad Hassan Yusufi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 647
ending page: 665
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n36.2025

The Islamic Ruling on Migration to Non-Islamic Countries from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence
type: item
description: Linguistically, the term hijrah (migration) refers to leaving one's homeland and relocating from one place to another. In Islamic jurisprudential terminology, hijrah traditionally refers to leaving a land of unbelief (Dar al-Kufr) and moving to a land of Islam (Dar al-Islam). It may also refer to departing from a land of injustice to a land of justice, or from a place of religious turmoil to one of safety, with the primary intention of preserving one’s faith. The phenomenon of leaving an Islamic country and migrating to non-Islamic countries, whether for temporary or permanent residence, represents a contemporary legal issue that requires clarification from the standpoint of Islamic law. The core focus of this research is to explore the Islamic jurisprudential position on migration to non-Islamic countries according to the views of classical and contemporary Islamic scholars. The importance of this issue stems from two key concerns: first, migration to non-Islamic countries poses a potential threat to the religious integrity of Muslim migrants; second, it presents a major challenge to the growth and development of Islamic nations, particularly Afghanistan. This research employs a library-based methodology, relying on the collection and analysis of scholarly opinions through inductive reasoning, evaluation, and analytical judgment. The findings reveal that the ruling of Islamic law on migration and residence in non-Islamic countries is highly dependent on specific contexts and circumstances. According to the predominant view among contemporary scholars of Islamic jurisprudence, if migration or residence in a non-Islamic country exposes the individual and their family to religious corruption and prevents the proper practice of Islamic rituals, then both temporary and permanent residence in such countries is prohibited (haram). If the migration is motivated solely by the pursuit of material well-being, comfort, or enjoyment, then it is considered strongly discouraged (…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Islamic Ruling
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Asylum
  topic: keywords
subject: Temporary and Permanent Residence
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-Islamic Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mohammad Akbar Zahid
creator: Ozairullah Zakiri
creator: tariqullah mokhawar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 619
ending page: 646
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n35.2025

Acquisition of Citizenship in Non-Islamic Countries from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence, National Law, and International Law
type: item
description: The phenomenon of acquiring citizenship and permanent residency in non-Islamic countries has become one of the major challenges to the growth and development of Islamic nations across the world, particularly in Afghanistan. This issue has attracted the attention of scholars and religious authorities within the Muslim community. Many capable and educated individuals from the Islamic world, who have attained advanced education in various sciences and disciplines, have sought citizenship and long-term residency in non-Islamic countries in pursuit of material comfort, imagined freedoms, employment opportunities, or specialized education unavailable in their home countries. These individuals, in fact, represent a foundational pillar and vital human capital for the progress and development of Islamic nations, especially Afghanistan. The increasing prevalence of this phenomenon in recent times has prompted many scholars to investigate its legal status in Islamic jurisprudence. In response, the present author has attempted, by the grace of Almighty Allah, to examine the issue comprehensively from the standpoint of Islamic jurisprudence as well as national and international law. This paper is accordingly titled "Acquisition of Citizenship in Non-Islamic Countries from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence, National Law, and International Law." The study adopts a library-based descriptive-analytical and inductive method to explore the position of Islamic law, national legislation, and international legal frameworks regarding the acquisition of citizenship in non-Islamic countries. It also examines the views of Islamic jurists on this matter. The findings indicate that the Islamic legal perspective on acquiring citizenship and permanent residency in non-Islamic countries is conditional and context-dependent. According to the predominant scholarly opinion, if such residency leads to religious corruption, exposes a person and their family to moral harm, or prevents the observ…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Citizenship
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-Islamic Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: National and International Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Dar al-Kufr
  topic: keywords
subject: Dar al-Islam
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mohammad Akbar Zahid
creator: Wazir Muhammad Saeedi
creator: Inamullah Rahmani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 601
ending page: 618
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n34.2025

The Migration of Scholars of Hadith and Jurisprudence from This Land (Herat, Balkh, Bust, and Baghlan)
type: item
description: The discussion on the migration of scholars from the provinces of Herat, Balkh, Bust, and Baghlan is a scholarly and library-based research topic. The content of this study has been developed through the review and analysis of relevant books. This topic holds significant importance as it relates to a critical part of the country’s historical narrative, namely, the migration of scholars from specific regions of Afghanistan. The study begins with a brief introduction to the four mentioned provinces. It then proceeds to examine the migration of hadith scholars and jurists from these regions. For each province, a sample of notable hadith scholars and jurists is introduced, along with the names of the destinations to which they migrated. The reasons and factors underlying the migration of scholars are also analyzed in detail. Finally, the study explores both the positive and negative consequences of these migrations, presenting the outcomes separately. The article concludes with a summary of the main research findings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Scholars
  topic: keywords
subject: Hadith
  topic: keywords
subject: Jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
subject: Herat
  topic: keywords
subject: Balkh
  topic: keywords
subject: Bust
  topic: keywords
creator: Pro, Dr. Mohammad Ismail Labib Balkhi
creator: Mohammad Taher Qasemi
creator: Sarbeland Halimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 578
ending page: 600
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n33.2025

An Analysis of the Determinants of Migration in Developing Countries
type: item
description: The objective of this study is to examine the key factors influencing migration from developing countries to developed nations. To this end, the research is framed within the push-pull theory of migration and employs a panel data model to analyze the impact of various factors on migration flows between these two groups of countries. The findings indicate that the geographical distance between origin and destination countries has a negative and statistically significant effect for both groups, suggesting that as the distance increases, migration to the destination country tends to decrease. The labor supply in the country of origin is found to be positive and significant for developing countries, but not significant for developed countries. The technological gap variable is negatively significant for developed countries, while it is positively significant for developing countries. In both groups, higher investment rates in the country of origin are associated with a decrease in migration; however, developing countries are more sensitive to this variable. Furthermore, variables such as per capita GDP differential, birth rate, human capital index, migration in the past two years, population size, and foreign direct investment in the country of origin are all positive and statistically significant for both groups. Among these, population and foreign direct investment exert a relatively smaller influence on shaping migration flows.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Developed Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Developing Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Panel Data JEL
  topic: keywords
subject: Classification: F22, O51, C23
  topic: keywords
creator: Associate Professor Dr. Inullah Mirzazadah
creator: Associate Professor Mujeebullah Mujeeb
creator: Enayatullah Quraishi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 560
ending page: 577
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n32.2025