Brief Introduction to the Salam International Academic Journal The Salam International Academic Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal that has obtained academic accreditation from the Ministry of Higher Education of Afghanistan and is registered as an international journal under the number (RCTD-PIJR-0027-25). It holds the following ISSN numbers: ISSN: 3078-9583 (Online) ISSN: 3078-9575 (Print) This journal publishes scholarly discussions in the field of social sciences after undergoing a rigorous peer-review process. The Salam International Academic Journal is a peer-reviewed journal published in multiple languages in both online and print formats. Access to its articles is free of charge, and publication fees are minimal. The journal is well recognized both within Afghanistan and internationally, and the publication process is conducted in a timely manner. Through this Academic journal, we have provided a research platform for researchers and scholars to share their research works and findings with others. Articles published in the Salam International Academic Journal are produced under the supervision of prominent and well-known scholars from around the world. This journal offers researchers an opportunity to publish their significant studies. Salam is a peer-reviewed, non-profit, semiannual (biannual) Academic journal with a primary focus on the social sciences. The Salam Academic Journal publishes original and innovative articles that offer practical and creative solutions to the issues addressed. Submitted manuscripts, after plagiarism screening and verification of initial formal requirements, are sent to specialized professors in the relevant fields for rigorous and comprehensive academic review. Following a strict process of evaluation and peer review, accepted articles are published.
مصنوعي ځیرکتیا (AI) ګټې، زیانونه او مشروع کارونه
مصنوعي ځیرکتیا له هغو مختلفو ماشینونو څخه عبارت ده چې د انسان په څیر کار کوي، د انساني علم په نتیجه کې د انسانانو له خوا یو مثبت پرمختګ دی، د قرآنکریم آیتونه او نبوي حدیثونه د علم لپاره د تشویق زیات دلایل لري، معاصر پوهان د مصنوعي ځیرکتیا کړنې د انسان له کړنو سره د پرتله کولو په اړه مختلف لیدلوري لري، د ژوند په مختلفو اړخونو کې یې د کارونې په اړه متفاوت نظرونه شته، په هر حال زیاتې ګټې او کم شمیر زیانونه لري، په اسلامي علومو کې یې د کارونې لپاره ځانګړي شرطونه رعایت کول ضروري دي؛ ځکه AI د انسان په څیر عقل نلري، او کومه څیرکتیا چې هغه لري، د همدې انسانانو له لورې ورته تعریف شوې او په دې ماشینونو کې نصب شوې ده. همدا رنګه مصنوعي ځیرکتیا د انسانانو په څېر احساس نلري، ځکه نو د وجوب د اهلیت په اړه یې ویلای شو چې نه ناقص اهلیت لري او نه هم کامل اهلیت، د اداء اهلیت یې هم د انسان له مرستې څخه سرچینه اخلي، له همدې امله د قضاء، افتاء او ګواهې دنده په مستقلانه توګه نشي ترسره کولای، د ژوند په نورو معاملاتو کې یې د کارونې د مشروعیت اړوند مختلف نظریات موجود دي پایله یې دا څرګندوي چې کارونه یې په دې شرط جواز لري چې د اسلامي شریعت له اصولو سره ټکر ونلري، که له مصنوعي ځیرکتیا څخه په سمه توګه استفاده وشي نو د اسلامي علومو په خپراوي کې ډیره ګټوره ونډه درلودلای شي، همدارنګه، اړتیا لیدل کیږي چې د مصنوعي ځیرکتیا او شرعي علومو متخصصین په مشترکه توګه د کارونې لارې چارې جوړې او په خورا احتیاط او تدریجي ډول ترویج کړي.
An Assessment of Fiscal Policy and Long-Term Economic Growth in Selected Countries: Afghanistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka
This study examines the effect of fiscal policy on long-term economic growth in Afghanistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka over the period 2003 to 2021. Annual panel data from the World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI) are used to investigate how government expenditure, government revenue, public debt, inflation, and gross capital formation influence GDP growth. The study is grounded in Barro’s (1990) endogenous growth model and employs panel unit root tests, pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), and fixed effects estimation. The redundant fixed effects test confirms that the fixed effects model is the appropriate estimation framework. The results reveal that government expenditure has a negative and statistically significant effect on GDP growth, while government revenue and gross capital formation show positive and statistically significant effects. Public debt and inflation do not produce statistically significant effects during the study period. These findings suggest that the quality and efficiency of fiscal management matter more than the scale of public spending alone. The study contributes comparative empirical evidence on three underexplored South Asian economies and offers policy-relevant insights for strengthening fiscal frameworks in developing-country contexts.
The Mediating Role of Viewer Trust in the Relationship between Social Media Advertising and Consumer Buying Behavior: Evidence from Kabul’s Restaurant Sector
This study examines the influence of social media advertising on consumer buying behavior in the restaurant industry of Kabul, Afghanistan, with a particular focus on the mediating role of viewer trust. Grounded in the Stimulus–Organism–Response (SOR) framework and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the research investigates how trust mechanisms shape consumer responses to digital advertising in a developing-country context. The study adopted a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, and primary data were collected from 130 respondents using a convenience sampling technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Hayes’ PROCESS Macro (Model 4) to test the mediating effect of viewer trust. The findings reveal a strong positive relationship between social media advertising and consumer buying behavior (β = 0.705, p < 0.001), while viewer trust partially mediates this relationship. The model explains 49.7% of the variance in consumer buying behavior, highlighting that trust plays a critical, though not exclusive, and role in translating advertising exposure into purchase decisions. The study contributes theoretically by extending the TPB framework through the inclusion of trust as a mediating mechanism and offers practical implications for restaurant marketers, emphasizing the importance of authenticity, transparent communication, and effective social media engagement strategies.
نسبية العقل ومطلقية الشرع دراسة في المعرفة الشرعية ونسبية رأي المجتهد
يظهر جانب من صفات الفاعل فيما ينتجه من أشياء وأفكار؛ لذا فإن النسبية قد طبعت ما وصل إليه البشر من معارف وما أنتجوه من علم، ومن الطبيعي لأجل هذا أن نجد العالِم يصحّح نفسه أو يصحح له غيره من وقت إلى آخر. وتبدو هذه المشكلة شاخصة حين ننظر في الإنتاج المعرفي الديني وما يمكن أن يقوم به ليتغلب على إشكالية النسبية هذه. وقد سعت هذه الدراسة إلى تطبيق هذه الفكرة على المعارف الشرعية التي أنتجها العقل المسلم، فوجدت أن الاستمداد من الوحي، وهو كلام الله المطلق من حدود النسبية، والاستناد إليه، قد مثَّل أول معالم القوة في المعارف المذكورة، ثم يأتي بعده الإجماع الذي تتفق فيه آراء أهل العلم على قول واحد، ثم رأي الجمهور القريب من الإجماع. وليس هذا فحسب، بل إن الفتح الدائم لباب الاستدراك والتتبع أمام العقل العلمي المسلم المشبع بمعرفة الشريعة والاطلاع على جزئياتها، والفقه العميق لكلياتها، مع اللب الذكي والنفس الزكية؛ يمثل داعمًا قويًا لإنتاج معرفة علمية إسلامية متماسكة، لا تضر بها النسبية إلا في أضيق دائرة ممكنة. ولا يعني هذا نفي النسبية مطلقًا عن غير الوحي الإلهي، بل إن من حسنات العلوم الشرعية الإسلامية أن تظهر عليها آثار الجهد والإجهاد والاجتهاد البشري وما يصحب هذا من التنوع والتعدد في الرأي، إلا أن جملة المنظومة المعرفية التي أنتجها علماء الشريعة المسلمون تبدو الأشد تماسكًا ومرونة على الإطلاق فيما أثمره الجهد البشري من معرفة.
بررسی قراردادهای هوشمند و دیجیتلی از دیدگاه فقه اسلامی
در آغاز قرن بیست ویکم، نوع جدیدی از قراردادهای الکترونیکی تحت عنوان «عقود یا قراردادهای هوشمند و دیجیتلی (Smart Digital Contract) وارد عرصه تعاملات دیجیتال شده اند. این قراردادها که از طریق تکنالوژي بلاکچین، کُدهای رمزنگاری شده و به وسیلهٔ اینترنت منعقد می‌شوند. پرسش‌های اساسی را مطرح ساخته اند؛ ازجمله: عقود هوشمند چیست؟ خصوصیات و ویژگی های بارز این عقود کدام اند؟ آیا قواعد عمومی قراردادهای سنتی در خصوص این نوع عقود قابل تطبیق است؟ تفاوت ارکان عقود هوشمند با عقود سنتی در چیست؟ ماهیت شرعی قراردادهای هوشمند و دیجیتالی چگونه ارزیابی می‌شود؟ آیا این قراردادها در شریعت اسلامی مجاز هستند یا خیر؟این تحقیق با بهره‌گیری از روش کتابخانه‌ای و رویکرد توصیفی ـ تحلیلی انجام شده است؛ بدین‌گونه که نظریات فقهای معاصر دربارهٔ عقود هوشمند از منابع مختلف گردآوری، سپس بیان، تحلیل و نقد گردیده است. در ادامه، تعریف برگزیدهٔ عقود هوشمند و عناصر تشکیل‌دهندهٔ آن از دیدگاه فقه اسلامی بررسی و تبیین شده است. ارزش علمی این پژوهش در بررسی مفهوم و ویژگی‌های قراردادهای هوشمند و دیجیتالی، مطالعهٔ تطبیقی ارکان آن‌ها از دیدگاه فقه اسلامی و نیز تبیین ماهیت و حکم شرعی این نوع قراردادها نهفته است.
افغانستان کې د انټرنېټ د محدودیتونو اغېزې په سوداګریزو کړنو او د بازار د سیالۍ پر وړتیا
په دې څېړنیز سند کې دا موضوع څېړل شوې چې څنګه د انټرنېټ اړوند تنظیمات او بدلونونه د افغانستان په سوداګریزو فعالیتونو او د بازار په سیالۍ اغېزه کوي. په تېرو څو کلونو کې په هېواد کې د انټرنېټ کارونې په برخه کې بېلابېل تنظیمي اقدامات، لکه د ځینو ټولنیزو رسنیو تنظیم، د انټرنېټ د سرعت بدلون، او نور تخنیکي شرایط تجربه شوي دي. دغه حالتونه په ځانګړي ډول د هغو سوداګریو لپاره مهم دي چې پر آنلاین اړیکو، ډیجیټل بازارموندنې، او برېښنایي معاملاتو تکیه لري، او د هغوی د فعالیتونو پر څرنګوالي اغېزه کولای شي. په دې څېړنه کې د اقتصادي اغېزو د پوهېدو لپاره، د یو پوښتنلیک له لارې له ۲۲۰ سوداګرو او کارکوونکو څخه معلومات راټول شوي چې وروسته یې بیا د سټاټا (STATA) سافټویر په مرسته شننه ترسره شوې ده. د شننې پایلې ښيي چې په انټرنېټ د هر ډول محدودیتونو وضع کول، چې په کې د محدودیتونو تکرار، د محدودیت موده، د محدودیت ډول او جغرافیایي ساحې شامل دي، په سوداګریزو فعالیتونو او د بازار په سیالۍ باندې په څرګند ډول منفي اغېزه لري. هغه شرکتونه چې د انټرنېټ له پرلپسې یا پراخو محدودیتونو سره مخ دي، د پلور کمښت، د مشتریانو لږ ګډون، او په بازار کې د سیالۍ ستونزې یې تجربه کړې دي. پایلې څرګندوي چې ثابت او د ښه کیفیت لرونکی انټرنېټ نه یوازې د اړیکو وسیله ده، بلکې د سوداګریزو راکړو ورکړو او اقتصادي ودې لپاره یوه مهمه وسیله ده. دغه څېړنه د یوه کمزوري، خو د پرمختګ پر لور د روان اقتصاد څخه یو شمېر کمي شواهد وړاندې کوي او د داسې پالیسۍ غوښتنه کوي چې د باور وړ او خوندي انټرنېټ ته لاسرسی یقیني کړي. د مستمر انټرنېټ او اتصال تګلاره کولای شي سوداګرۍ پیاوړې کړي، نوښت ته وده ورکړي، او د افغانستان په اوږدمهاله اقتصادي ثبات کې مرسته وکړي.راتلونکي څېړنې کولی شي د ځانګړو سکتورونو اغېزې وڅېړي او پایلې یې له نورو مخ پر ودې هېوادونو سره پرتله کړي.
Microfinance and SMEs Growth: An Empirical Study from Afghanistan
This study examines the impact of microfinance on the growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Afghanistan. SMEs form a major part of the country’s economy, yet many face persistent challenges in securing credit from formal financial institutions. This significantly hampers the growth of SMEs and calls for empirical studies to unveil the influence of microfinance on SMEs growth. Accordingly, this study is an attempt to understand how specific microfinance services influence SMEs growth. The study focuses on four key microfinance related factors i.e. loan availability, loan size, loan conditions, and loan usage. A quantitative research design was used to collect the data through a structured questionnaire from 255 SMEs owners and managers who had received microfinance services. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression were applied to determine the effect of each loan-related variable on SMEs growth. The results show that all four variables positively and significantly influence SME performance, with loan usage emerging as the strongest predictor. SMEs that used their loans for productive purposes recorded higher levels of growth. Theoretically, this study helps to understand the role of microfinance towards SMEs growth in a relatively complex and vulnerable context given the country’s circumstances (political instability, war-like situation etc.). Practically, the findings suggest that microfinance institutions should improve loan accessibility, ensure appropriate loan sizes, and provide flexible terms to support SMEs growth. The strong influence of loan usage highlights the need for financial management support to help SMEs owners utilize borrowed funds effectively. Overall, the study offers insights that can guide policymakers and microfinance providers in promoting SMEs in Afghanistan.
دور الإمام أبی حنیفة-رحمه الله- في السیاسة ووضع أسسها وقواعدها
يتناول هذا البحث دراسة دور الإمام أبی حنیفة-رحمه الله- في السیاسة ووضع أساساتها، وذلك في إطارٍ علمي تحليلي، وقد انطلق البحث من إشكالية مركزية مفادها غياب دراسة أكاديمية شاملة ومحرَّرة تكشف بصورة منهجية عن الدور الذي قام به الإمام أبو حنیفة-رحمه الله- في المجال السياسي، ویسعى الباحث إلى الإجابة عن سؤال رئيسي وهو أنه ماهو دور الإمام أبی حنیفة-رحمه الله- في السیاسة ووضع أساساتها وما هی آثار استكشاف هذا الدور في الواقع المعاصر؟ ويقصد البحث تحقيق جملةٍ من الأهداف العلمية؛ في مقدمتها تتبّع التطور التاريخي للفكر السياسي عند مؤسس المذهب الحنفي، وتحليل إسهاماته في تأسيس مبادئ السياسة، وبيان أبرز القواعد والأسس التي اعتمد عليها في معالجة القضايا السياسية. وقد اعتمد الباحث على المنهج الاستقرائي والتاریخي في تتبع النصوص والأقوال، والمنهج التحليلي في مناقشة الآراء وتقويمها. وخلص البحث إلى عدد من النتائج العلمية، من أهمها: أن الإمام أبا حنیفة-رحمه الله- أسهم إسهامًا أصيلًا في مجال السیاسة ووضع أساساتها من خلال مواقفه السیاسیة ، واعتناءه بقضايا الحكم والسلطة وتنظيم العلاقات. وأن الفكر السياسي الحنفي قام على الجمع المتوازن بين النص الشرعي والرأي والاجتهاد، كما یبرز البحث مدی أهمیة بعض القواعد الكبری في السیاسة التي وضعها الإمام أبوحنیفة-رحمه الله- مثل قاعدة“تأسیس الخلافة بإجماع المؤمنين وبيعة أهل التقوى” التي يُعدّ أكثر شمولًا ووضوحًا من اصطلاح “أهل الحل والعقد” الذي قرره الإمام أبو الحسن الماوردي، وقاعدة الفصل بین السلطات السیاسیة التي تؤكد على استقلال القضاء ورفضه الخضوع للسلطة التنفيذية، وقاعدة الحریة وتطبیقاته. وأن موقف الإمام أبي حنيفة في نصرة أهل البيت وتأييدهم في إطار العدل والشرعية يبرز ضرورة تحرّي الموقف السياسي الصحيح لدى أتباع مذهبه في التعامل مع القضايا المعاصرة والوقوف ضد العدو المشترك وتعزيز وحدة المسلمين –سنة وشيعة– والتعاون فيما بينهم في مواجهة التحديات المشتركة لا سیماً فی الهجمات التی تواجهها الدول الإسلامیة كفلسطین وإیران والیمن ولبنان من قبل الدولة الصهیونیة والولایات المتحدة الأمریكیة، ویثبت البحث أن الفقه الحنفي يمتلك مرونة تشريعية عالية تؤهله للتحول إلى منظومة قانونية قابلة للتقنين والتطبيق في الدولة الحديثة.
Foreign Policy of the Islamic Emirate: Challenges and Opportunities
سیاست خارجی افغانستان تحت حاکمیت امارت اسلامی پس از اگست ۲۰۲۱ به یکی از محورهای مهم در مطالعات روابط بین‌الملل و سیاست منطقه‌ای تبدیل شده است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و روش تحلیل اسنادی، به بررسی مبانی، چالش‌ها و فرصت‌های سیاست خارجی امارت اسلامی بر اساس پیام‌ها و فرامین رهبری می‌پردازد. چارچوب نظری تحقیق بر ترکیب واقع‌گرایی و سازه‌انگاری استوار است تا ابعاد مادی و هویتی سیاست خارجی به‌صورت هم‌زمان تبیین شود. پرسش اصلی آن است که در پیام‌ها و فرامین رهبری، چه اصولی به‌عنوان بنیان سیاست خارجی تعریف شده و این اصول در عرصه منطقه‌ای و بین‌المللی با چه چالش‌ها و فرصت‌هایی مواجه‌اند؟ فرضیه تحقیق بر این مبنا استوار است که سیاست خارجی امارت اسلامی مبتنی بر تلفیق حفظ منافع و امنیت ملی با تقویت هویت و ارزش‌های اسلامی است و موفقیت آن در گرو ایجاد توازن میان این دو بُعد است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که اصول اساسی این سیاست شامل حفظ حاکمیت ملی، پایبندی به شریعت اسلامی، بی‌طرفی فعال، دیپلماسی اقتصادی و تعامل گزینشی با نظام بین‌الملل است. چالش‌های اصلی سیاست خارجی امارت اسلامی شامل عدم شناسایی بین‌المللی، فشارهای اقتصادی، بی‌اعتمادی تاریخی و تعارض با نظم غرب‌محور است. در مقابل، موقعیت ژئوپلیتیکی، منابع طبیعی و همکاری با قدرت‌های غیرغربی از مهم‌ترین فرصت‌ها هستند. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر این است که موفقیت سیاست خارجی امارت اسلامی وابسته به ایجاد تعادل میان مبانی فکری و الزامات عملی در محیط بین‌المللی است.
The Impact of Remote Work on Employee Well-being: Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support
The rapid adoption of remote work has transformed contemporary work arrangements, presenting both opportunities and challenges for employee well-being, particularly in developing and fragile contexts. This study examines the impact of remote work on employee well-being and investigates the mediating role of perceived organizational support (POS) among employees of local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Kabul, Afghanistan. Grounded in organizational support theory and well-being literature, the study adopts a positivist research philosophy and employs a quantitative research design. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 282 NGO employees engaged in remote or hybrid work arrangements. Statistical analyses were conducted to test the direct relationship between remote work and employee well-being, as well as the mediating effect of perceived organizational support. The findings reveal that remote work has a significant influence on employee well-being, encompassing physical, mental, and emotional dimensions. Moreover, perceived organizational support was found to play a crucial mediating role, mitigating the negative effects of remote work-related stress, isolation, and work–life boundary blurring. The results highlight that employees who perceive higher levels of organizational support such as access to mental health resources, effective communication, and supportive policies report better overall well-being. This study contributes to the limited empirical literature on remote work in the Afghan NGO sector and underscores the importance of strengthening organizational support mechanisms to enhance employee well-being in remote work settings. Practical implications for NGO management and policymakers are discussed.
مفهوم استحسان نزد احناف و تفاوت آن با استحسان عقلی معتزله
استحسان یکی از اصول مهم استنباط در فقه اسلامی است که همیشه مورد بحث و اختلاف میان مکاتب فقهی و کلامی قرارگرفته است. فقهای حنفی، استحسان را به‌عنوان نوعی عدول از ظاهر قیاس می‌دانند که بر اساس دلایل قوی‌تر شرعی انجام می‌شود. آنها معتقدند که این کار برای جلوگیری از نتایج نادرست قیاس، کاهش دشواری‌های مذهبی، رعایت مصالح واقعی و هماهنگی با اهداف کلان شریعت ضرورت است. در مقابل، مکتب اعتزالی، استحسان را بر اساس اصل حسن و قبح عقلی بررسی می‌کند و معتقد است که عقل می‌تواند پیش از مراجعه به منابع دینی، یا حتی مستقل از آنها، تعیین کننده چیز خوب و چیز بد باشد، و بر اساس این تعیین، حکم بدهد. این مقاله با هدف بررسی تعریف، جایگاه، اقسام و ادله حجیت استحسان نزد احناف واستحسان عقلی نزد معتزله و ارائه مثال‌های تطبیقی و نقد فقهای حنفی نگارش شده است. همچنین با بررسی سه محور مقایسه‌ای؛ (تفاوت مبنایی، منابع استنباط، نقد و بررسی نقاط اشتراک و اختلاف این دو مکتب نشان داده شده است. این تحقیق با روش توصیفی، تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع اصلی فقه حنفی و همچنین متون کلامی معتزله انجام شده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد اگر چه هردو مکتب به عقل اهمیت میدهند اما مبنای فلسفی و روش استنباط احناف ومعتزله متفاوت است که علت تفاوت عمیق این دو مفهوم در منبع شناخت و حجیت آنهاست؛ احناف بر اساس نصوص و قیاس عمل می‌کنند و استحسان آنان در چارچوب ادلۀ شرعی محدود است، اما معتزله از عقل استفاده کرده و استحسان آنها بر اساس اصول عقلایی توسعه یافته است. و نقد علماء بر استحسان معتزلی بیشتر بر استقلال عقل و تقدم آن بر نص استوار است. نتیجه نهایی این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که استحسان احناف اصول اجتهادی درون ‌فقهی، نص محور، وقیاس محوراست. در حالی‌ که استحسان معتزله ابزاری برای داوری اخلاقی و عقلی به شمار می‌ رود. مقایسه این دو نشان می‌ دهد که استحسان در تاریخ این دواندیشۀ اسلامی مفهوم متفاوت است و بر پایه دو نظریه وباور مستقل شکل گرفته است. واستحسان فقهی احناف مرجح است. نوآوری تحقیق دراین است که برای نخستین بار با رویکرد نظام مند، کوشش میشود تفکیک ماهیت هردو استحسان نشان داده شود و تفاوت های مهم این دو دیدگاه در نظریه اجتهاد و درک مقاصد شریعت تحلیل گردد.
An Examination of the Effects of Social Networks on Youth and Adolescents
این نبشته ی پژوهشی تمرکز بردرک اثرات اخلاقی شبکه های اجتماعی برجوانان و نوجوانان دارد و پرده از مشکلاتی بر میدارد که به اثر بهره گیری از شبکه های اجتماعی متوجه ایشان می شود. اهمیت تحقیق در این است که استفاده ی لجام گسیخته از شبکه های اجتماعی و عدم توجه به مدیریت خود و هنجارمندسازی نحوه ی بهره گیری، اثرات زننده و جبران ناپذیر را بر حیات علمی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و... کاربران می گذارد؛ و توجه به کاربرد مثبت این دنیای مجازی، فرجام نیک را بر قشر جوان و نوجوان رقم می زند. هدف تحقیق این است تا با این پژوهش، اثرات مثبت و منفی استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی برای جوانان و نوجوانان بر ملا گردد و با درک خطرات آن، استفاده از این شبکه ها را اصولمند سازند و از آسیب های آن درمان قرار گیرند. روش تحقیق در این مطالعه، کمی وکیفی بوده و استوار بر تحلیل و توصیف یافته هایی است که از نظریات و آرای پاسخ دهندگان پرسش نامه ها و از لایه های کتاب ها بدست آمده است. مهم ترین یافته های تحقیق این است که شبکه های اجتماعی تاثیر مثبت و منفی بر قشر جوان و نوجوان می گذرد و اثرات منفی اش بر قشر جوان، در صورت عدم مدیریت، بیشتر می باشد. این تحقیق با نتیجه گیری و منابع استفاده شده پایان یافته است.
نظریه فقهی؛ حقیقت، پیدایش، اهمیت و نقشِ آن در تدوین قوانین
اصطلاح «نظریه‌های فقهی» از جمله اصطلاحات جدید به‌شمار می‌رود و در فقه اسلامی گذشته رایج نبوده است؛ بلکه شیوه‌ای نوین از تألیف فقهی است که توسط فقهای معاصر، که میان تحقیق و مطالعهٔ شریعت اسلامی و قانون وضعی جمع کرده‌اند، استخراج شده است. این پژوهش به بررسی جنبهٔ تأصیلی/پایه‌ای این اصطلاح می‌پردازد، از حیث حقیقت آن، پیدایش آن و روند تکامل آن، میزان وجود محتوای آن در تراث فقهی قدیم، و همچنین میزان اهمیت آن در حوزهٔ مطالعات فقهی معاصر و نقش آن در تدوین قوانین و نظام‌های قانونگذاری امروزی. این تحقیق از روش کتابخانه‌ای و توصیفی ـ تحلیلی استفاده کرده است؛ بدین‌گونه که تعریف‌های فقهای معاصر دربارهٔ نظریهٔ فقهی از منابع مختلف گردآوری شده، سپس بیان، تحلیل و نقد گردیده است. از آن بعد تعریف برگزیدهٔ نظریهٔ فقهی و عناصر آن توضیح داده شده است. ارزش علمی این پژوهش در ارائهٔ یک تعریف جامع از نظریه‌های فقهی نهفته است و بر این نکته تأکید می‌کند که محتوای «نظریه‌های فقهی» به معنای معاصر آن، در اندیشهٔ فقهای پیشین ما وجود داشته است، هرچند از این اصطلاح استفاده نمی‌کردند. همچنین ارزش علمی این تحقیق در تأکید بر اهمیت مطالعهٔ نظریه‌های فقهی در عصر حاضر در عرصهٔ تقنین و قانونگذاری آشکار می‌شود؛ زیرا راه را برای بهره‌گیری از آن‌ها در تدوین قوانین و اسناد تقنینی هموار می‌سازد، نظریه های فقهی همچنان تحقیق و پژوهش در فقه اسلامی را برای قانون‌گذاران، قضات و غیرمتخصصان نیز آسان می‌کند، در حل بسیاری از مسائل نوپدید و نوازل معاصر سهم می‌گیرد، و به پذیرش و به‌کارگیری احکام شریعت اسلامی در عرصهٔ قانونگذاری زمینه مساعد می‌سازد.
د اسلامي امارت او هند اړيکې؛ فرصتونه او ننګونې
د دې څېړنې له لارې له ۲۰۲۱ز.کال وروسته د اسلامي امارت او هند اړيکې څېړل کېږي او هڅه کېږي چې په دغو اړيکو کې شته فرصتونه او ننګونې روښانه شي. د څېړنې موخه، د اسلامي امارت او هند د اړيکو څېړل او په دغو اړيکو کې د شته فرصتونو او ننګونو رابرسيره کول دي. د څېړنې پوښتنه دا ده چې د افغاستان اسلامي امارت او هند اړيکې له کومو ننګونو سره مخامخ دي او هغه کوم فرصتونه دي چې دغه اړيکې رغولی شي؟ په دې ليکنه کې د څېړنې له توصيفي- تحليلي مېتود او د موادو په راټولولو کې له کتابتوني ډول څخه ګټه اخيستل شوې ده. د څېړنې موندنې ښايي چې، له تاريخي پلوه د اسلامي امارت او هند اړيکې ښې نه دي پاتې شوي او په ۲۰۲۱ز.کال کې د افغانستان اسلامي امارت له بيا واکمنۍ وروسته تر ۲۰۲۵ز.کال پورې هم دغه اړيکې نږدې نه وې، خو په ۲۰۲۵ز.کال کې د اسلامي امارت او پاکستان د اړيکو د خرابېدو وروسته، دغه اړيکې ښې او نږدې شوې. د اسلامي امارت او هند په اړيکو کې د پاکستان سره د اسلامي امارت د اړيکو خرابوالی، د هند او افغانستان دوه اړخيزې اقتصادي اړتياوې، ګډې سيمه ييزې پروژې او د روسيې سره د دواړو هېوادونو ښې اړيکې هغه فرصتونه دي چې دغه اړيکې لا پياوړې کولای شي. همدارنګه د هند او اسلامي امارت خرابې تاريخي اړيکې، د هند امنيتي اندېښنې، په افغانستان کې د چين د پام وړ پرمختګ او نفوذ او د نړيوالې ټولنې له لوري د اسلامي امارت په رسميت نه پېژندنه، هغه ننګونې دي چې په دغو اړيکو کې موجودې دي.
امنیت سایبری و استعمار دیجیتال: بررسی وابستگی زیرساخت های سایبری کشور های جنوب به قدرت های شمال
در عصر تحول دیجیتال، امنیت سایبری به یکی از مؤلفه‌های اساسی امنیت ملی و حاکمیت دولتها تبدیل شده است. کشورهای جنوب جهان با نوعی وابستگی ساختاری به زیرساخت‌های دیجیتال، خدمات ابری، پلتفرم‌های نرم‌افزاری و تجهیزات تخنیکی متعلق به قدرت‌های شمال مواج‌ه اند؛ وابستگی که میتواند زمینه ساز شکل گیری الگوهای نوین «استعمار دیجیتال» گردد. تحقیق حاضر با رویکرد کیفی و روش توصیفی – تحلیلی، به بررسی ابعاد فنی و سیاسی این وابستگی پرداخته و تلاش نموده است تا با استفاده از چارچوب‌های شناخته شده امنیت سایبری و مدل ارزیابی ریسک (ریسک = تهدید × آسیب پذیری × پیامد)، مفهوم استعمار دیجیتال را از سطح گفتمان سیاسی به سطح تحلیل فنی و قابل سنجش ارتقاء دهد. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان میدهد که وابستگی در لایه های اطلاعات، شبکه، پلتفرم و زیرساخت فزیکی، میتواند حاکمیت اطلاعاتی، امنیت زیرساخت‌های حیاتی و استقلال فناورانه کشورهای جنوب را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. همچنین تحلیل‌ها بیانگر آن است که کاهش این وابستگی مستلزم توسعه ظرفیت‌های بومی امنیت سایبری، سرمایه گذاری در نوآوری تخنیکی، ایجاد مراکز عملیات امنیتی ملی، و بازنگری در چارچوب‌های حقوقی بین‌المللی مرتبط با حاکمیت دیجیتال میباشد. این تحقیق بر اساس مرور نظام مند منابع علمی داوری شده، گزارش‌های رسمی بین‌المللی و تحلیل مطالعات موردی منتخب انجام شده است.
دا څېړنه په اسلامي شریعت کې د "حاکم د اطاعت پولې او سرحدونه"په هراړخیزه توګه څېړي. د مقالې بنسټیزه مسئله دا ده چې په داسې حال کې چې هر نظام د واک د پراختیا غریزه لري، خو اسلامي شریعت د استبداد د مخنیوي لپاره د حاکم صلاحیتونه په دقیقو پولو کې محدود کړي دي. په دغه بحث کې د هغو افراطي او سطحي نظریاتو (لکه د مدخلي او جامي سلفیانو) نقد شوی چې د حاکم مطلق اطاعت، حتی په معصیت او فسق کې هم، فرض ګڼي. د مقالې محوري موندنې ښيي چې په اسلام کې د حاکم اطاعت مطلق نه، بلکې په لاندې څلورو اساسي قیودو مقید دی: ۱. شرعي قید (المعروف): اطاعت یوازې په معروف کې واجب دی او د الله په نافرمانۍ کې د هیڅ مخلوق اطاعت جواز نه لري. ۲. د مصلحت قید: د حاکم هر ډول تصرف او قانون باید د ولس پر عام مصلحت او ګټه ولاړ وي، که داسې نه وي، نو شرعي نفاذ نه لري. ۳. تعاقدي یا د تړون قید: د حاکم او ملت اړیکه یو "عقد" یا "وکالت" دی؛ حاکم د ملت وکیل دی او مکلف دی چې د ولس سره د شوي تړون او وثیقې (اساسي قانون) په رڼا کې عمل وکړي. ۴. اخلاقي قید: واکمن باید په خپلو پرېکړو کې د اسلامي اخلاقو لکه عدل، مساوات، رحمت او وفاء رعایت وکړي. څېړنه د حنفي فقهاوو او معتبرو اسلامي سرچینو په رڼا کې ثابتوي چې د استبداد د مخنیوي او د حقونو د خوندیتوب لپاره شورائیت (مشوره)، د ولس څارنه او د متخصصینو د مجلس شتون حتمي ضمانتونه دي. په پای کې، مقاله یو متوازن لیدلوری وړاندې کوي چې د رعایت په نتیجه کې یې نه په ټولنه کې ګډوډي رامنځته کېږي او نه هم د ظالمانه استبداد لپاره لاره هوارېږي.
Disagreement and Its Etiquette in the Light of Islamic Sharia
اختلاف و آداب آن بحثی است که روی اهمیت آن در شرایط کنونی -که انواع اختلافات در جامعه رونما است- به نگارش گرفته شده است، و درین بحث راجع به معنای لغوی و اصطلاحی اختلاف و انواع آن، بحث به میان آمده؛ اختلاف مذموم و مشروع ذکر یافته؛ به خاستگاه اختلاف و اسباب آن، توضیحات مناسب داده شده؛ آداب اختلاف بصورت تفصیلی مورد کنکاش قرار گرفته و به خاطر توضیح بیشتر ابعاد آن طی مطالب متعددی: مطلبی بنام آداب هنگام اختلاف، آداب برون رفت از اختلاف، آداب اخلاقی اختلاف، آداب علمی اختلاف و آداب اجتماعی اختلاف به بررسی گرفته شده است و درپایان مبحثی بنام: اختلاف علمای سلف، به حیث نمونه برای اقتداء به آنان مورد بحث قرار گرفته شده و در خاتمه نتائج و یافته های بحث تذکر یافته و پیشنهادات درج شده است. در نتائج بحث از طبیعی بودن اختلاف و لزوم رعایت آداب آن در صورت بروز اختلاف، و از شیوه های علمای سلف و رعایت آداب اختلاف به صورت همه جانبه آن و موضوعات دیگر بحث صورت گرفته است.
Progress and Backwardness of Societies and Civilizations in the Light of the Holy Qur’an
This article examines the factors of progress and backwardness of societies and civilizations in light of the Holy Quran. The study shows that faith, knowledge, justice, adherence to cosmic and social laws, cooperation and solidarity, ethical values, a suitable environment and economic resources, and a stable political system are considered the main factors for the advancement of societies and civilizations. Likewise, deviation in belief, despotic rulers, oppression, and corruption in its various forms are regarded as causes of the backwardness and decline of societies and civilizations. The study indicates that adherence to Qur’anic principles and utilization of divine laws is the key to the continuity and flourishing of societies and civilizations.
An Analysis of the Factors Behind Afghan Migration to Other Countries (Case Study: Iran and Its Adverse Effects)
Migration is a complex social phenomenon that arises from multiple causes. While it is sometimes considered an involuntary and forced act, in other instances it becomes a deliberate and strategic decision made by certain groups or institutions. Countries involved in migration processes are generally classified into two categories: those that primarily receive migrants and those that primarily send them. The causes of migration are commonly grouped into two main categories: internal factors and external factors. Among these, external factors are often shaped by the political ideologies and structural systems of destination countries. In the case of Afghan migration, several key external factors can be identified. These include: deliberate facilitation of brain drain by Western countries; immigration policies that encourage the outflow of skilled individuals from developing nations; demographic strategies aimed at reducing Muslim populations while increasing their own; the creation of employment opportunities and provision of welfare benefits to attract migrants; simplified processes for absorbing intellectual talent from the Global South; and the political and economic weakening of developing countries through systematic migration. In addition, such patterns may later be used as a tool for political pressure or leverage. This study aims to investigate these external drivers of Afghan migration, with particular attention to migration flows toward European countries. The research focuses on identifying the motives and conditions that enable such migration. Its importance lies in the argument that a clear understanding of these external factors is essential for designing strategies to manage and reduce migration pressures. This is a qualitative study based on descriptive and analytical methods. Data were collected through academic books, peer-reviewed articles, credible online sources, and the researcher’s own field-based observations and analyses. The findings suggest that external drivers, alongside internal factors such as poverty, unemployment, and social hardship, play a significant role in influencing the migration of Afghans.
Cultural and Educational Factors and Their Role in Afghan Migration Abroad
Afghan emigration has become a major social trend over recent decades, influenced by intertwined political, economic, cultural, and educational factors. While conflict and economic instability are often highlighted, the role of cultural restrictions and limited educational opportunities has received comparatively less attention. This study focuses on these underexplored drivers of migration, particularly the lack of quality education and restrictive cultural norms, which limit personal and professional development and encourage emigration -especially among youth and professionals. The aim of this review is to examine how cultural values, literacy levels, gender-based constraints, and inadequate educational infrastructure shape migration decisions. A library-based methodology using descriptive and analytical approaches was employed to synthesize academic and institutional literature on Afghan migration. Findings indicate that Afghanistan’s weak education system, scarce academic resources, and sociocultural barriers significantly limit upward mobility. In particular, gender-based restrictions and societal expectations heavily influence the decision to migrate, especially for individuals seeking intellectual growth and professional advancement. The appeal of better educational prospects abroad remains a major pull factor, contributing to a growing “brain drain”. While emigration provides individuals with access to global opportunities, it also undermines Afghanistan’s human capital and hampers long-term development. This review underscores the importance of reforming domestic education, promoting gender equity, and fostering international academic cooperation. Addressing these issues through culturally informed and sustainable strategies is essential to reduce forced migration and strengthen Afghanistan’s social and intellectual foundation.
An Integrated Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Push and Pull Factors in Afghan Irregular Migration: Insights for Sustainable Policy Responses
Irregular migration from Afghanistan persists as a critical socio-political and economic issue affecting both origin and destination countries. Despite extensive empirical studies, the lack of theoretical integration has hindered comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional drivers of Afghan migration. This study employs, mixed-methods approach, grounded in Lee's Push-Pull Theory Dependency Theory, and Functionalism to analyze the factors influencing Afghan irregular migration and returnee reintegration. Data were collected from 150 returnees originating from Iran, Pakistan, and selected European countries through structured surveys and in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that economic instability, insecurity, and lack of access to essential services are dominant push factors, while employment prospects, social networks, and legal protections in host countries serve as strong pull factors. Reintegration challenges such as unemployment, social stigmatization, and persistent insecurity significantly contribute to a high propensity for re-migration among returnees. The study underscores the need for inclusive development policies, strengthened regional migration governance, and targeted reintegration strategies. These insights provide valuable direction for policymakers seeking to manage migration sustainably and support returnees effectively.
Academic Hijra: Exploratory Case Study Investigating Factors for Emigration of Afghan Female Scholars
This paper presents the findings and discussion on the factors responsible for the emigration of female Afghan academics and scholars from Afghanistan. The review of literature had highlighted a significant lacuna in engagement and voice of migrant female Afghan academics. Thereby, the research undertaken through an exploratory interpretative-narrative case study approach uncovered three emergent themes leading to the identification of a single major factor influencing their decision. The interview schedule, as an ensuing narrative, uncovered the loss of individual liberty; the paucity in criticality in academic thought-practice (praxis) and the ‘lack of belonging both within academia and society’ as underlying factors, which the study classifies as emergent themes to formulate and identify the driving force and motivation for emigration, the major finding of the study, which is encapsulated in the notion of an ‘enforced disengagement’.
Factors Contributing to Brain Drain and Strategies for Retaining Skilled Professionals in Afghanistan: A Multisectoral Approach
This qualitative study investigates the underlying factors contributing to brain drain in Afghanistan and proposes actionable strategies to retain skilled professionals. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 33 Afghan professionals residing in various countries, the research identifies key drivers of emigration, including political instability, poor quality of life, ethnic discrimination, economic hardship, personal insecurity, lack of professional growth, and an uncertain future. Participants’ narratives reveal the multidimensional nature of intellectual migration and highlight the urgent need for systemic reforms. Proposed retention strategies include enhancing political stability and governance, improving public services and infrastructure, enforcing anti-discrimination measures, creating economic and employment opportunities, and engaging the Afghan diaspora. The findings underscore the importance of a holistic, multi-sectoral approach to mitigating brain drain and fostering an environment conducive to personal and professional fulfillment. This study offers practical insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and scholars aiming to strengthen Afghanistan’s human capital base and support long-term national development.
The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Brain Drain and Remittances: Identifying Strategic Priorities for Afghanistan’s Economic Development
This study investigates the cost-benefit dynamics of brain drain and remittances in Afghanistan, focusing on their socio-economic impacts and strategic implications for sustainable development. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates qualitative thematic analysis and quantitative regression models to examine the relationship between skilled migration, remittances, and overall economic performance, including GDP and human capital development. Data were sourced from international reports, academic studies, and global databases, capturing a comprehensive view of migration and remittance trends. The findings reveal that political instability, restrictive policies, and limited professional opportunities are major drivers of brain drain, undermining Afghanistan’s economic resilience and growth. While remittances positively contribute to GDP and poverty alleviation, over-reliance on these inflows creates long-term economic vulnerabilities. The study emphasizes the importance of governance reforms, strategies to retain skilled professionals, and policies to channel remittances into productive investments. These findings provide actionable insights for addressing brain drain while leveraging remittances for Afghanistan’s sustainable development.
Brain Drain in Afghanistan’s Public Universities: Examining the Experiences of Migrated Faculty Members
The migration of academic professionals from Afghanistan’s public universities has escalated following the political transition of August 2021, presenting critical challenges to the country’s higher education system. This qualitative study explores the motivations, lived experiences, and institutional consequences of teacher migration, drawing on semi-structured interviews with 11 university faculty members who relocated abroad. Thematic analysis, guided by Braun and Clarke’s (2006) framework, was employed to categorize findings across personal, organizational, and national dimensions. The analysis revealed that political instability, economic insecurity, limited academic freedom, and concerns for family safety were key factors influencing migration decisions. Participants also cited low salaries and the lack of research opportunities as significant push factors. The departure of experienced faculty has led to a decline in educational quality, loss of institutional knowledge, and weakened research capacity within universities. To mitigate these effects, the study recommends coordinated action by the Afghan government, university leadership, and international stakeholders. Specific measures include fostering institutional security through higher education reforms, enhancing economic incentives, safeguarding academic freedom, and expanding opportunities for professional growth. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of engaging the Afghan academic diaspora through structured knowledge-exchange initiatives, virtual collaborations, and short-term academic projects. While the implementation of these recommendations may face constraints such as limited funding and political uncertainty, their gradual adoption offers a pathway toward stabilizing and revitalizing Afghanistan’s higher education sector.
The impact of skilled workforce migration on Emerging technologies in Afghanistan
The mass migration of Afghanistan’s skilled IT workforce since 2021 has had profound consequences on the country’s technological infrastructure and capacity for innovation. This paper investigates the multidimensional impact of this brain drain, with a particular focus on enterprise systems, software development, computer science education, and the adoption of emerging technologies. Using case studies such as the failed Oracle Solaris migration at Kabul Bank and institutional data from Afghan universities and public sector databases, we demonstrate how the loss of over 70% of certified IT professionals has led to systemic failures, stalled projects, increased cybersecurity risks, and a weakened talent pipeline. Beyond assessing the damage, this study also explores strategic responses to mitigate the effects of workforce migration. Recommended solutions include strengthening STEM education, incentivizing talent retention and return migration, fostering public-private partnerships, improving digital infrastructure, and promoting remote collaboration with the Afghan diaspora. The research concludes that while the challenges are severe, a coordinated, multi-stakeholder approach rooted in policy reform, investment, and international collaboration can help Afghanistan rebuild a resilient, self-sustaining tech ecosystem and reclaim its position in the global technological landscape.
Factors Driving Migration from Afghanistan with Emphasis on the Recent Wave and the Emigration of Elites
Migration has a long-standing history in Afghanistan, with all its forms, including displacement and asylum-seeking, having been experienced throughout the country’s political past. The objective of this study is to address the key question: what are the primary factors influencing the recent wave of migration following the U.S. military withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021 (1400), particularly the migration of elites, and how do these factors shape migration decision-making? This research adopts a qualitative approach and is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with twenty political, social, and academic experts. The collected data were coded and analyzed using Nvivo 12 software through thematic analysis. The findings indicate that economic, political, socio-cultural, and educational factors have served as the main drivers of elite migration from Afghanistan. These factors exert influence not only in the country of origin but also in destination countries. The final results of the study reveal that lack of employment opportunities, poverty, restrictions on civil liberties, limited access to education (especially for girls), and deficiencies in the provision of social services are among the most significant factors intensifying the motivation for elite migration.
The Role of Media-Based Public Awareness in Preventing Irregular Migration
This study aims to examine the constructive role of media-driven public awareness in the prevention of irregular migration. It is qualitative research conducted using the focus group method with seven senior faculty members from the Faculty of Journalism at Nangarhar University. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that although the credibility of mass media is generally high, the credibility of social media varies significantly. A considerable number of individuals inclined toward irregular migration rely on social media as their primary source of information. Likewise, human traffickers exploit social media platforms to persuade young people to migrate through illegal channels for financial gain. Despite this, social media has also been identified as an effective tool in anti-migration awareness campaigns. News genres and audio-visual spots are considered among the most effective formats for delivering media content. Thus, the media is not only a means of disseminating information but also plays a critical role in shaping public opinion, influencing beliefs, and guiding decision-making processes. If utilized strategically and responsibly, media can serve as a powerful instrument in preventing irregular migration. This study recommends the production of evidence-based and high-quality content to support future media interventions in this domain.
Investigating the Living Conditions of Afghan migrants in Iran, Challenges and Solutions.
This study examines the economic and social conditions of Afghan migrants residing in Iran, focusing on their access to education and healthcare services, as well as their legal and residency status. In addition, the research aims to propose strategies that support the sustainable reintegration of these migrants upon their return to Afghanistan. An applied research design was adopted, using a descriptive-analytical approach combined with a survey-based methodology. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistical techniques, particularly mean analysis, were employed to assess the migrants’ living conditions. The findings reveal that Afghan migrants in Iran face generally unfavorable living circumstances, with an overall mean score of 2.506. The most critical challenge identified is the high cost of living compared to Iranian citizens, with a mean score of 4.09. In contrast, the least significant issue reported was insufficient income to meet living expenses, which received a mean score of 1.54. Based on these findings, the study recommends strategic interventions to improve the reintegration outcomes of returning Afghan migrants and to reduce the likelihood of re-migration. Key recommendations include: the creation of sustainable employment opportunities; strengthening of social rights; expansion of access to education and healthcare services; targeted investments in the productive, service, and agricultural sectors; enhancement of economic infrastructure; and the provision of financial support and resettlement assistance.
Push Factors Contributing to Brain Drain with Emphasis on Origin-Based Determinants (Everett Lee's Theory) A Case Study of Kunduz City
Human capital is one of the most meaningful and strategic resources in the development equation of nations, playing an increasingly influential role in the process of national growth. Unfortunately, developing and underdeveloped countries, despite their limited income and resources, invest in cultivating such talent in the hope that it will contribute to development. However, due to unfavorable political, economic, social, and security conditions in the country of origin, this talent often chooses to migrate abroad. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the push factors contributing to the brain drain from the city of Kunduz, based on Everett Lee’s migration theory. By focusing on adverse economic, social, and security conditions in the country of origin, this research seeks to explain the reasons behind the outmigration of skilled human capital. The study is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in methodology, employing statistical tools for analysis. The main research question addresses which factors, in line with Everett Lee's theory, are most influential in driving the brain drain from Kunduz. The research hypotheses include all origin-based push factors outlined in Everett Lee’s migration theory, along with additional factors identified by the researchers in the field, amounting to a total of seventeen variables. The statistical population includes 155,964 individuals residing in eight districts of Kunduz city. Using the Morgan sampling table, a sample of 382 respondents was selected through proportional stratified sampling. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire, which was distributed online. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.865, indicating strong internal consistency. The results of the Friedman ranking test show that among the seventeen hypothesized push factors influencing brain drain from Kunduz, the most significant include economic factors such as unemployment and lack of job opportunities (mean rank 11.39), political instability (11.09), and absence of economic prospects and economic instability (10.93). These are followed by factors such as lack of political stability (9.58), political discrimination (9.56), low salaries and wages (9.52), suppression of political freedoms (9.44), social restrictions (9.20), and lack of personal development opportunities (9.11). Additional influential factors include decline in social welfare (8.38), gender discrimination (8.31), political persecution of elites (8.19), desire for greater political freedom (8.18), physical threats to elites (7.93), social network ties among relatives of elites (5.97), and lack of healthcare and medical facilities (5.92(.