Salam Academic Journal
type: channel
description: Brief Introduction to the Salam International Academic Journal The Salam International Academic Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal that has obtained academic accreditation from the Ministry of Higher Education of Afghanistan and is registered as an international journal under the number (RCTD-PIJR-0027-25). It holds the following ISSN numbers: ISSN: 3078-9583 (Online) ISSN: 3078-9575 (Print) This journal publishes scholarly discussions in the field of social sciences after undergoing a rigorous peer-review process. The Salam International Academic Journal is a peer-reviewed journal published in multiple languages in both online and print formats. Access to its articles is free of charge, and publication fees are minimal. The journal is well recognized both within Afghanistan and internationally, and the publication process is conducted in a timely manner. Through this Academic journal, we have provided a research platform for researchers and scholars to share their research works and findings with others. Articles published in the Salam International Academic Journal are produced under the supervision of prominent and well-known scholars from around the world. This journal offers researchers an opportunity to publish their significant studies. Salam is a peer-reviewed, non-profit, semiannual (biannual) Academic journal with a primary focus on the social sciences. The Salam Academic Journal publishes original and innovative articles that offer practical and creative solutions to the issues addressed. Submitted manuscripts, after plagiarism screening and verification of initial formal requirements, are sent to specialized professors in the relevant fields for rigorous and comprehensive academic review. Following a strict process of evaluation and peer review, accepted articles are published.
publisher: سلام پوهنتون
language: en
publication name: Salam Academic Journal
issn: 3078-9575
items: Cultural and Educational Factors and Their Role in Afghan Migration Abroad
items: An Integrated Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Push and Pull Factors in Afghan Irregular Migration: Insights for Sustainable Policy Responses
items: Academic Hijra: Exploratory Case Study Investigating Factors for Emigration of Afghan Female Scholars
items: Factors Contributing to Brain Drain and Strategies for Retaining Skilled Professionals in Afghanistan: A Multisectoral Approach
items: The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Brain Drain and Remittances: Identifying Strategic Priorities for Afghanistan’s Economic Development
items: Brain Drain in Afghanistan’s Public Universities: Examining the Experiences of Migrated Faculty Members
items: The impact of skilled workforce migration on Emerging technologies in Afghanistan
items: Factors Driving Migration from Afghanistan with Emphasis on the Recent Wave and the Emigration of Elites
items: The Role of Media-Based Public Awareness in Preventing Irregular Migration
items: Investigating the Living Conditions of Afghan migrants in Iran, Challenges and Solutions.
items: Push Factors Contributing to Brain Drain with Emphasis on Origin-Based Determinants (Everett Lee's Theory) A Case Study of Kunduz City
items: Exploring the Factors That Restrain and Regulate Afghan Migration
items: An Analysis of the Situation of Afghan Migrants in Tehran: Exploring Social, Psychological, Legal Experiences and the Impact of International Support
items: Social Consequences of Migration for the People of Afghanistan
items: The Role of Engagement and Convergence in the Retention of Elites in Afghanistan
items: The Lives of Afghan Migrants in Western Countries: Challenges, Opportunities, and Consequences
items: The Islamic Ruling on Migration to Non-Islamic Countries from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence
items: Acquisition of Citizenship in Non-Islamic Countries from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence, National Law, and International Law
items: The Migration of Scholars of Hadith and Jurisprudence from This Land (Herat, Balkh, Bust, and Baghlan)
items: An Analysis of the Determinants of Migration in Developing Countries
items: A Study of the Mental Health of Returnee Migrants Case Study: Jawzjan Province
items: The Relationship between Economic Factors Influencing Afghan Migration: An Analysis of Economic Crises and Employment Opportunities
items: Examining the Role of International Organizations in Supporting Afghan Migrants
items: The Impact of Skilled and Educated Migration on Afghanistan’s Development
items: Migration of Scholars and Academics: Its Positive and Negative Impacts on Afghanistan
items: The Role of Religious Scholars and Intellectuals in Reducing Migration from Afghanistan
items: Afghan Migration Abroad: Causes and Consequences
items: Identification and Prioritization of Factors Influencing Afghan Migration Abroad
items: Consequences of Migration and Proposed Solutions for the People of Afghanistan Case Study: Herat Province
items: Analysis of Migration Factors Case Study: Samangan Province

Cultural and Educational Factors and Their Role in Afghan Migration Abroad
type: item
description: Afghan emigration has become a major social trend over recent decades, influenced by intertwined political, economic, cultural, and educational factors. While conflict and economic instability are often highlighted, the role of cultural restrictions and limited educational opportunities has received comparatively less attention. This study focuses on these underexplored drivers of migration, particularly the lack of quality education and restrictive cultural norms, which limit personal and professional development and encourage emigration -especially among youth and professionals. The aim of this review is to examine how cultural values, literacy levels, gender-based constraints, and inadequate educational infrastructure shape migration decisions. A library-based methodology using descriptive and analytical approaches was employed to synthesize academic and institutional literature on Afghan migration. Findings indicate that Afghanistan’s weak education system, scarce academic resources, and sociocultural barriers significantly limit upward mobility. In particular, gender-based restrictions and societal expectations heavily influence the decision to migrate, especially for individuals seeking intellectual growth and professional advancement. The appeal of better educational prospects abroad remains a major pull factor, contributing to a growing “brain drain”. While emigration provides individuals with access to global opportunities, it also undermines Afghanistan’s human capital and hampers long-term development. This review underscores the importance of reforming domestic education, promoting gender equity, and fostering international academic cooperation. Addressing these issues through culturally informed and sustainable strategies is essential to reduce forced migration and strengthen Afghanistan’s social and intellectual foundation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cultural Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational System
  topic: keywords
subject: Immigration
  topic: keywords
subject: Unemployment
  topic: keywords
creator: Naseer Mukhlis
creator: Reza Joia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 959
ending page: 972
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.52.2025

An Integrated Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Push and Pull Factors in Afghan Irregular Migration: Insights for Sustainable Policy Responses
type: item
description: Irregular migration from Afghanistan persists as a critical socio-political and economic issue affecting both origin and destination countries. Despite extensive empirical studies, the lack of theoretical integration has hindered comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional drivers of Afghan migration. This study employs, mixed-methods approach, grounded in Lee's Push-Pull Theory Dependency Theory, and Functionalism to analyze the factors influencing Afghan irregular migration and returnee reintegration. Data were collected from 150 returnees originating from Iran, Pakistan, and selected European countries through structured surveys and in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that economic instability, insecurity, and lack of access to essential services are dominant push factors, while employment prospects, social networks, and legal protections in host countries serve as strong pull factors. Reintegration challenges such as unemployment, social stigmatization, and persistent insecurity significantly contribute to a high propensity for re-migration among returnees. The study underscores the need for inclusive development policies, strengthened regional migration governance, and targeted reintegration strategies. These insights provide valuable direction for policymakers seeking to manage migration sustainably and support returnees effectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afghan Irregular Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Push and Pull Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Theories
  topic: keywords
subject: Returnee Reintegration
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar
creator: Ebadullah Amir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 938
ending page: 958
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n51.2025

Academic Hijra: Exploratory Case Study Investigating Factors for Emigration of Afghan Female Scholars
type: item
description: This paper presents the findings and discussion on the factors responsible for the emigration of female Afghan academics and scholars from Afghanistan. The review of literature had highlighted a significant lacuna in engagement and voice of migrant female Afghan academics. Thereby, the research undertaken through an exploratory interpretative-narrative case study approach uncovered three emergent themes leading to the identification of a single major factor influencing their decision. The interview schedule, as an ensuing narrative, uncovered the loss of individual liberty; the paucity in criticality in academic thought-practice (praxis) and the ‘lack of belonging both within academia and society’ as underlying factors, which the study classifies as emergent themes to formulate and identify the driving force and motivation for emigration, the major finding of the study, which is encapsulated in the notion of an ‘enforced disengagement’.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Female professors
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
subject: forced deprivation
  topic: keywords
subject: freedom
  topic: keywords
subject: academic challenges
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Imran H Khan Suddahazai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 898
ending page: 937
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n50.2025

Factors Contributing to Brain Drain and Strategies for Retaining Skilled Professionals in Afghanistan: A Multisectoral Approach
type: item
description: This qualitative study investigates the underlying factors contributing to brain drain in Afghanistan and proposes actionable strategies to retain skilled professionals. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 33 Afghan professionals residing in various countries, the research identifies key drivers of emigration, including political instability, poor quality of life, ethnic discrimination, economic hardship, personal insecurity, lack of professional growth, and an uncertain future. Participants’ narratives reveal the multidimensional nature of intellectual migration and highlight the urgent need for systemic reforms. Proposed retention strategies include enhancing political stability and governance, improving public services and infrastructure, enforcing anti-discrimination measures, creating economic and employment opportunities, and engaging the Afghan diaspora. The findings underscore the importance of a holistic, multi-sectoral approach to mitigating brain drain and fostering an environment conducive to personal and professional fulfillment. This study offers practical insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and scholars aiming to strengthen Afghanistan’s human capital base and support long-term national development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brain drain
  topic: keywords
subject: skilled migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Political instability
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic constraints
  topic: keywords
subject: Diaspora engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: Retention strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Professional development
  topic: keywords
subject: Qualitative research
  topic: keywords
creator: Azatullah Zaheer
creator: Senior Lecturer Dr.Abdullah Sadiq
creator: Asadullah Surobi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 873
ending page: 897
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n49.2025

The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Brain Drain and Remittances: Identifying Strategic Priorities for Afghanistan’s Economic Development
type: item
description: This study investigates the cost-benefit dynamics of brain drain and remittances in Afghanistan, focusing on their socio-economic impacts and strategic implications for sustainable development. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates qualitative thematic analysis and quantitative regression models to examine the relationship between skilled migration, remittances, and overall economic performance, including GDP and human capital development. Data were sourced from international reports, academic studies, and global databases, capturing a comprehensive view of migration and remittance trends. The findings reveal that political instability, restrictive policies, and limited professional opportunities are major drivers of brain drain, undermining Afghanistan’s economic resilience and growth. While remittances positively contribute to GDP and poverty alleviation, over-reliance on these inflows creates long-term economic vulnerabilities. The study emphasizes the importance of governance reforms, strategies to retain skilled professionals, and policies to channel remittances into productive investments. These findings provide actionable insights for addressing brain drain while leveraging remittances for Afghanistan’s sustainable development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brain drain
  topic: keywords
subject: Remittances
  topic: keywords
subject: Skilled migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic development
  topic: keywords
subject: Political instability
  topic: keywords
subject: Human capital
  topic: keywords
subject: Governance reforms
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-economic challenges
  topic: keywords
creator: Senior Lecturer Dr.Abdullah Sadiq
creator: Azatullah Zaheer
creator: Safiullah Shinwari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 840
ending page: 872
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n48.2025

Brain Drain in Afghanistan’s Public Universities: Examining the Experiences of Migrated Faculty Members
type: item
description: The migration of academic professionals from Afghanistan’s public universities has escalated following the political transition of August 2021, presenting critical challenges to the country’s higher education system. This qualitative study explores the motivations, lived experiences, and institutional consequences of teacher migration, drawing on semi-structured interviews with 11 university faculty members who relocated abroad. Thematic analysis, guided by Braun and Clarke’s (2006) framework, was employed to categorize findings across personal, organizational, and national dimensions. The analysis revealed that political instability, economic insecurity, limited academic freedom, and concerns for family safety were key factors influencing migration decisions. Participants also cited low salaries and the lack of research opportunities as significant push factors. The departure of experienced faculty has led to a decline in educational quality, loss of institutional knowledge, and weakened research capacity within universities. To mitigate these effects, the study recommends coordinated action by the Afghan government, university leadership, and international stakeholders. Specific measures include fostering institutional security through higher education reforms, enhancing economic incentives, safeguarding academic freedom, and expanding opportunities for professional growth. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of engaging the Afghan academic diaspora through structured knowledge-exchange initiatives, virtual collaborations, and short-term academic projects. While the implementation of these recommendations may face constraints such as limited funding and political uncertainty, their gradual adoption offers a pathway toward stabilizing and revitalizing Afghanistan’s higher education sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brain Drain
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Universities
  topic: keywords
subject: Teacher Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Thematic Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Freedom
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Instability
  topic: keywords
creator: Abid Momand
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
starting page: 822
ending page: 839
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n47.2025

The impact of skilled workforce migration on Emerging technologies in Afghanistan
type: item
description: The mass migration of Afghanistan’s skilled IT workforce since 2021 has had profound consequences on the country’s technological infrastructure and capacity for innovation. This paper investigates the multidimensional impact of this brain drain, with a particular focus on enterprise systems, software development, computer science education, and the adoption of emerging technologies. Using case studies such as the failed Oracle Solaris migration at Kabul Bank and institutional data from Afghan universities and public sector databases, we demonstrate how the loss of over 70% of certified IT professionals has led to systemic failures, stalled projects, increased cybersecurity risks, and a weakened talent pipeline. Beyond assessing the damage, this study also explores strategic responses to mitigate the effects of workforce migration. Recommended solutions include strengthening STEM education, incentivizing talent retention and return migration, fostering public-private partnerships, improving digital infrastructure, and promoting remote collaboration with the Afghan diaspora. The research concludes that while the challenges are severe, a coordinated, multi-stakeholder approach rooted in policy reform, investment, and international collaboration can help Afghanistan rebuild a resilient, self-sustaining tech ecosystem and reclaim its position in the global technological landscape.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Emerging technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: Enterprise systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Software development
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Oracle Solaris
  topic: keywords
creator: Salim Ahmadzai
creator: Zarmash Gardiwal
creator: Naseer A Shinwari
creator: Mahmood Afghan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
starting page: 810
ending page: 821
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n46.2025

Factors Driving Migration from Afghanistan with Emphasis on the Recent Wave and the Emigration of Elites
type: item
description: Migration has a long-standing history in Afghanistan, with all its forms, including displacement and asylum-seeking, having been experienced throughout the country’s political past. The objective of this study is to address the key question: what are the primary factors influencing the recent wave of migration following the U.S. military withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021 (1400), particularly the migration of elites, and how do these factors shape migration decision-making? This research adopts a qualitative approach and is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with twenty political, social, and academic experts. The collected data were coded and analyzed using Nvivo 12 software through thematic analysis. The findings indicate that economic, political, socio-cultural, and educational factors have served as the main drivers of elite migration from Afghanistan. These factors exert influence not only in the country of origin but also in destination countries. The final results of the study reveal that lack of employment opportunities, poverty, restrictions on civil liberties, limited access to education (especially for girls), and deficiencies in the provision of social services are among the most significant factors intensifying the motivation for elite migration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Brain Drain
  topic: keywords
subject: Elites
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Factors
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Rahman Karimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 792
ending page: 809
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n45.2025

The Role of Media-Based Public Awareness in Preventing Irregular Migration
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the constructive role of media-driven public awareness in the prevention of irregular migration. It is qualitative research conducted using the focus group method with seven senior faculty members from the Faculty of Journalism at Nangarhar University. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that although the credibility of mass media is generally high, the credibility of social media varies significantly. A considerable number of individuals inclined toward irregular migration rely on social media as their primary source of information. Likewise, human traffickers exploit social media platforms to persuade young people to migrate through illegal channels for financial gain. Despite this, social media has also been identified as an effective tool in anti-migration awareness campaigns. News genres and audio-visual spots are considered among the most effective formats for delivering media content. Thus, the media is not only a means of disseminating information but also plays a critical role in shaping public opinion, influencing beliefs, and guiding decision-making processes. If utilized strategically and responsibly, media can serve as a powerful instrument in preventing irregular migration. This study recommends the production of evidence-based and high-quality content to support future media interventions in this domain.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Visual messages
  topic: keywords
subject: social media
  topic: keywords
subject: audio messages
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
subject: media campaign
  topic: keywords
subject: media-based public awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: irregular migration
  topic: keywords
creator: Associate Professor Ahmad Saeed
creator: Senior Lecturer Afsar Sadiq Shinwari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 781
ending page: 791
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n44.2025

Investigating the Living Conditions of Afghan migrants in Iran, Challenges and Solutions.
type: item
description: This study examines the economic and social conditions of Afghan migrants residing in Iran, focusing on their access to education and healthcare services, as well as their legal and residency status. In addition, the research aims to propose strategies that support the sustainable reintegration of these migrants upon their return to Afghanistan. An applied research design was adopted, using a descriptive-analytical approach combined with a survey-based methodology. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistical techniques, particularly mean analysis, were employed to assess the migrants’ living conditions. The findings reveal that Afghan migrants in Iran face generally unfavorable living circumstances, with an overall mean score of 2.506. The most critical challenge identified is the high cost of living compared to Iranian citizens, with a mean score of 4.09. In contrast, the least significant issue reported was insufficient income to meet living expenses, which received a mean score of 1.54. Based on these findings, the study recommends strategic interventions to improve the reintegration outcomes of returning Afghan migrants and to reduce the likelihood of re-migration. Key recommendations include: the creation of sustainable employment opportunities; strengthening of social rights; expansion of access to education and healthcare services; targeted investments in the productive, service, and agricultural sectors; enhancement of economic infrastructure; and the provision of financial support and resettlement assistance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Iran
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Policies
  topic: keywords
subject: Migrant Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Situation
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant professor Nasrullah Baloch
creator: Assistant professor Noorullah Abedi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 764
ending page: 780
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n43.2025

Push Factors Contributing to Brain Drain with Emphasis on Origin-Based Determinants (Everett Lee's Theory) A Case Study of Kunduz City
type: item
description: Human capital is one of the most meaningful and strategic resources in the development equation of nations, playing an increasingly influential role in the process of national growth. Unfortunately, developing and underdeveloped countries, despite their limited income and resources, invest in cultivating such talent in the hope that it will contribute to development. However, due to unfavorable political, economic, social, and security conditions in the country of origin, this talent often chooses to migrate abroad. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the push factors contributing to the brain drain from the city of Kunduz, based on Everett Lee’s migration theory. By focusing on adverse economic, social, and security conditions in the country of origin, this research seeks to explain the reasons behind the outmigration of skilled human capital. The study is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in methodology, employing statistical tools for analysis. The main research question addresses which factors, in line with Everett Lee's theory, are most influential in driving the brain drain from Kunduz. The research hypotheses include all origin-based push factors outlined in Everett Lee’s migration theory, along with additional factors identified by the researchers in the field, amounting to a total of seventeen variables. The statistical population includes 155,964 individuals residing in eight districts of Kunduz city. Using the Morgan sampling table, a sample of 382 respondents was selected through proportional stratified sampling. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire, which was distributed online. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.865, indicating strong internal consistency. The results of the Friedman ranking test show that among the seventeen hypothesized push factors influencing brain drain from Kunduz, the most…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brain Drain
  topic: keywords
subject: Push Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Everett Lee's Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Kunduz City
  topic: keywords
creator: Momen Noori
creator: Zubaidullah Seerat
creator: Mohammad Nabi Rafi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 745
ending page: 763
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n42.2025

Exploring the Factors That Restrain and Regulate Afghan Migration
type: item
description: The implementation of effective government measures to prevent Afghan youth from migrating, particularly to neighboring countries, stems from several underlying factors. However, the government can help reduce the outflow of young, active, and skilled individuals through various actions, including: prosecuting human traffickers, securing border areas, expanding educational opportunities, improving national security, combating poverty and unemployment, addressing family and tribal disputes, resisting harmful cultural practices, making marriage more affordable, promoting the intellectual and academic development of the younger generation, ensuring respectful and balanced behavior from authorities, enhancing agricultural productivity and using it to manage migration, developing natural resources such as mines, managing the country’s water resources, establishing factories and production centers, preparing for natural disasters, controlling rapid population growth, launching state-led employment programs, applying Islamic economic laws, strengthening the agricultural system, creating diverse job opportunities, and other practical steps that can help prevent migration. The purpose of this study is to explore and analyze the main deterrent factors that can reduce Afghan migration to different countries around the world. The significance of this research lies in its potential to address serious social challenges and propose solutions that can protect Afghanistan from the harms and negative reputation caused by widespread migration. This study is qualitative, descriptive, and analytical in nature. Data were collected from books, academic articles, internet sources, and the researcher’s field observations and analyses. The findings provide insight into the actions and factors that can deter or control Afghan migration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Deterrents
  topic: keywords
subject: Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghans
  topic: keywords
creator: Senior Lecturer Mulla jan rahmani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-08
publication date: 2026-01-08
starting page: 720
ending page: 731
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n40.2025

An Analysis of the Situation of Afghan Migrants in Tehran: Exploring Social, Psychological, Legal Experiences and the Impact of International Support
type: item
description: The migration of Afghans represents one of the longest-standing and most complex migration crises at the international level, with wide-ranging social, economic, and political consequences for both origin and host countries. This study aims to assess the living conditions of Afghan migrants, their legal and social challenges, and the extent of international support provided to them. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology. Data were collected through a researcher-designed online questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, resulting in a total of 384 participants. A purposive, snowball (network-based) sampling method was used to select respondents. The findings indicate that the majority of Afghan migrants in Iran lack legal documentation and have limited access to healthcare services, education, and employment opportunities. Additionally, experiences of forced deportation and the host country’s restrictive policies have negatively impacted the psychological and social well-being of these migrants. Correlation analysis further revealed a direct relationship between poor living conditions and increased psychological stress among migrants. The study concludes by offering recommendations to improve the legal and social status of Afghan migrants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afghan Migrants
  topic: keywords
subject: Living Conditions
  topic: keywords
subject: International Support
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Status
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Policies
  topic: keywords
creator: Senior Lecturer Mostafa Mohammadi
creator: Associate Professor Abdul Razzaq Nazari
creator: Senior Lecturer Tayeba Fazli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-08
publication date: 2026-01-08
starting page: 700
ending page: 719
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n39.2025

Social Consequences of Migration for the People of Afghanistan
type: item
description: Migration, as a social phenomenon, exerts a significant influence on various aspects and dimensions of society. In the context of Afghanistan, where the country has experienced complex conditions over recent decades, this phenomenon has become deeply interwoven with the lives of most Afghan families. The central question of the present study is how migration affects social roles, family structure, and the social identity of Afghans. The importance of this issue arises from the fact that large-scale migration, driven by political, economic, security, and environmental crises, has created not only individual-level consequences but also profound social challenges for Afghan society. The aim of this study is to analyze the social consequences of migration for the people of Afghanistan and to present a comprehensive picture of both the positive and negative impacts of this phenomenon. This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and relies on secondary data sources. The data were collected from reports published by international organizations, case studies, and academic articles. The findings of the study indicate that migration has led to the breakdown of social networks, changes in family roles, and the emergence of identity crises among Afghan migrants. To mitigate the negative effects of migration and to strengthen its positive outcomes, policymakers should adopt more comprehensive approaches. These include investing in economic development and the creation of sustainable job opportunities, improving access to education and healthcare services, and reinforcing social cohesion in origin communities. Additionally, raising public awareness about the risks of irregular migration and supporting Afghan migrants in host communities can contribute to reducing the adverse consequences of this phenomenon.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Consequences
  topic: keywords
subject: Opportunities
  topic: keywords
subject: Challenges
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Professor Mohammad Mohammadi
creator: Assistant Professor Mortaza Rassoli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 682
ending page: 699
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n38.2025

The Role of Engagement and Convergence in the Retention of Elites in Afghanistan
type: item
description: The retention of elites in Afghanistan represents one of the key challenges to achieving sustainable development and realizing social, economic, and political progress. As essential components of human capital, elites play a critical role in driving national transformation. However, a range of factors—such as corruption, social inequalities, political instability, and the lack of suitable employment opportunities—have contributed to increased emigration and weakened engagement between elites and society. This study employs a descriptive-analytical and inductive methodology to examine the role of engagement and convergence in fostering the long-term presence of elites in Afghanistan. It also assesses the key determinants of their retention. The findings indicate that enhancing transparency and accountability in governance, strengthening the educational system, ensuring social justice, expanding employment opportunities, improving security and political stability, and supporting professionals are among the most effective strategies for retaining elites within the country. Achieving this objective, and thereby advancing sustainable development in Afghanistan, requires comprehensive collaboration between the state and its elite class to establish a conducive environment for growth and progress.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Elites
  topic: keywords
subject: Engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: Convergence
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational System
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Stability
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Omar Mobarez
creator: Shila Jamshidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 666
ending page: 681
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n37.2025

The Lives of Afghan Migrants in Western Countries: Challenges, Opportunities, and Consequences
type: item
description: This study examines the lives of Afghan migrants in Western countries and seeks to answer the question of what challenges and opportunities they face, as well as the consequences of these experiences for them. The research method used in this study is grounded theory. The sampling strategy was purposive, through which interviews were conducted with fifteen Afghan migrants residing in Western countries. The findings indicate that Afghan migrants in Western societies face a range of challenges. These include socio-cultural challenges such as feelings of displacement, unfamiliarity with the language, cultural differences, and nostalgia for the homeland; economic challenges such as tax obligations, forced labor, and the financial costs of migration; and political-security challenges such as the presence of anti-immigrant groups, unsafe migration routes, and the creation of insecurity within European contexts. At the same time, these migrants also have access to certain opportunities. These include socio-cultural opportunities such as social integration, prospects for advancement, and the value placed on ethnic diversity in Western societies; economic opportunities such as access to welfare benefits and favorable working conditions; and political-security opportunities such as equal human rights and the possibility of acquiring citizenship. The consequences of this situation for Afghan migrants include the maintenance of transnational ties, weakening of intra-ethnic interactions, and financial support of family members. The results of the study suggest that although Afghan migrants express satisfaction with life in Western countries, their experiences are marked by various problems, limitations, and identity attachments. Their sense of identity cannot be understood in a singular or linear way. Instead, their collective and individual identities are shaped by both their lives in Afghanistan and in the Western countries where they now reside, resulting in a hybrid identity…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Western Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Grounded Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Challenges and Opportunities
  topic: keywords
creator: Senior Lecturer Dr. Mohammad Hassan Yusufi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 647
ending page: 665
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n36.2025

The Islamic Ruling on Migration to Non-Islamic Countries from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence
type: item
description: Linguistically, the term hijrah (migration) refers to leaving one's homeland and relocating from one place to another. In Islamic jurisprudential terminology, hijrah traditionally refers to leaving a land of unbelief (Dar al-Kufr) and moving to a land of Islam (Dar al-Islam). It may also refer to departing from a land of injustice to a land of justice, or from a place of religious turmoil to one of safety, with the primary intention of preserving one’s faith. The phenomenon of leaving an Islamic country and migrating to non-Islamic countries, whether for temporary or permanent residence, represents a contemporary legal issue that requires clarification from the standpoint of Islamic law. The core focus of this research is to explore the Islamic jurisprudential position on migration to non-Islamic countries according to the views of classical and contemporary Islamic scholars. The importance of this issue stems from two key concerns: first, migration to non-Islamic countries poses a potential threat to the religious integrity of Muslim migrants; second, it presents a major challenge to the growth and development of Islamic nations, particularly Afghanistan. This research employs a library-based methodology, relying on the collection and analysis of scholarly opinions through inductive reasoning, evaluation, and analytical judgment. The findings reveal that the ruling of Islamic law on migration and residence in non-Islamic countries is highly dependent on specific contexts and circumstances. According to the predominant view among contemporary scholars of Islamic jurisprudence, if migration or residence in a non-Islamic country exposes the individual and their family to religious corruption and prevents the proper practice of Islamic rituals, then both temporary and permanent residence in such countries is prohibited (haram). If the migration is motivated solely by the pursuit of material well-being, comfort, or enjoyment, then it is considered strongly discouraged (…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Islamic Ruling
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Asylum
  topic: keywords
subject: Temporary and Permanent Residence
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-Islamic Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic Jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mohammad Akbar Zahid
creator: Ozairullah Zakiri
creator: tariqullah mokhawar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 619
ending page: 646
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n35.2025

Acquisition of Citizenship in Non-Islamic Countries from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence, National Law, and International Law
type: item
description: The phenomenon of acquiring citizenship and permanent residency in non-Islamic countries has become one of the major challenges to the growth and development of Islamic nations across the world, particularly in Afghanistan. This issue has attracted the attention of scholars and religious authorities within the Muslim community. Many capable and educated individuals from the Islamic world, who have attained advanced education in various sciences and disciplines, have sought citizenship and long-term residency in non-Islamic countries in pursuit of material comfort, imagined freedoms, employment opportunities, or specialized education unavailable in their home countries. These individuals, in fact, represent a foundational pillar and vital human capital for the progress and development of Islamic nations, especially Afghanistan. The increasing prevalence of this phenomenon in recent times has prompted many scholars to investigate its legal status in Islamic jurisprudence. In response, the present author has attempted, by the grace of Almighty Allah, to examine the issue comprehensively from the standpoint of Islamic jurisprudence as well as national and international law. This paper is accordingly titled "Acquisition of Citizenship in Non-Islamic Countries from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence, National Law, and International Law." The study adopts a library-based descriptive-analytical and inductive method to explore the position of Islamic law, national legislation, and international legal frameworks regarding the acquisition of citizenship in non-Islamic countries. It also examines the views of Islamic jurists on this matter. The findings indicate that the Islamic legal perspective on acquiring citizenship and permanent residency in non-Islamic countries is conditional and context-dependent. According to the predominant scholarly opinion, if such residency leads to religious corruption, exposes a person and their family to moral harm, or prevents the observ…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Citizenship
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-Islamic Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: National and International Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Dar al-Kufr
  topic: keywords
subject: Dar al-Islam
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mohammad Akbar Zahid
creator: Wazir Muhammad Saeedi
creator: Inamullah Rahmani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 601
ending page: 618
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n34.2025

The Migration of Scholars of Hadith and Jurisprudence from This Land (Herat, Balkh, Bust, and Baghlan)
type: item
description: The discussion on the migration of scholars from the provinces of Herat, Balkh, Bust, and Baghlan is a scholarly and library-based research topic. The content of this study has been developed through the review and analysis of relevant books. This topic holds significant importance as it relates to a critical part of the country’s historical narrative, namely, the migration of scholars from specific regions of Afghanistan. The study begins with a brief introduction to the four mentioned provinces. It then proceeds to examine the migration of hadith scholars and jurists from these regions. For each province, a sample of notable hadith scholars and jurists is introduced, along with the names of the destinations to which they migrated. The reasons and factors underlying the migration of scholars are also analyzed in detail. Finally, the study explores both the positive and negative consequences of these migrations, presenting the outcomes separately. The article concludes with a summary of the main research findings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Scholars
  topic: keywords
subject: Hadith
  topic: keywords
subject: Jurisprudence
  topic: keywords
subject: Herat
  topic: keywords
subject: Balkh
  topic: keywords
subject: Bust
  topic: keywords
creator: Pro, Dr. Mohammad Ismail Labib Balkhi
creator: Mohammad Taher Qasemi
creator: Sarbeland Halimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 578
ending page: 600
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n33.2025

An Analysis of the Determinants of Migration in Developing Countries
type: item
description: The objective of this study is to examine the key factors influencing migration from developing countries to developed nations. To this end, the research is framed within the push-pull theory of migration and employs a panel data model to analyze the impact of various factors on migration flows between these two groups of countries. The findings indicate that the geographical distance between origin and destination countries has a negative and statistically significant effect for both groups, suggesting that as the distance increases, migration to the destination country tends to decrease. The labor supply in the country of origin is found to be positive and significant for developing countries, but not significant for developed countries. The technological gap variable is negatively significant for developed countries, while it is positively significant for developing countries. In both groups, higher investment rates in the country of origin are associated with a decrease in migration; however, developing countries are more sensitive to this variable. Furthermore, variables such as per capita GDP differential, birth rate, human capital index, migration in the past two years, population size, and foreign direct investment in the country of origin are all positive and statistically significant for both groups. Among these, population and foreign direct investment exert a relatively smaller influence on shaping migration flows.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Developed Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Developing Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Panel Data JEL
  topic: keywords
subject: Classification: F22, O51, C23
  topic: keywords
creator: Associate Professor Dr. Inullah Mirzazadah
creator: Associate Professor Mujeebullah Mujeeb
creator: Enayatullah Quraishi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 560
ending page: 577
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n32.2025

A Study of the Mental Health of Returnee Migrants Case Study: Jawzjan Province
type: item
description: This study was conducted to assess the mental health of migrants who have returned from foreign countries. The statistical population of this research consists of returnees who came back to Jawzjan Province from abroad in the year 1403 (2024–2025). A total of 300 individuals were selected through accessible random sampling, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was distributed and completed. The data were analyzed using a descriptive and causal-comparative research method with SPSS version 26. The findings indicate that the mental health of returnees is below the desirable level, with male returnees reporting lower levels of mental well-being compared to female returnees. Additionally, significant differences in mental health were observed across different age groups. The results further suggest that the difficulties experienced during the migration period remain evident even after return, and reintegration with the country of origin continues to pose challenges for returnees over time.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Jawzjan
  topic: keywords
subject: Mental Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Returnees
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreign Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Migrants
  topic: keywords
creator: Associate Professor Enayatullah Hamidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 544
ending page: 559
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n31.2025

The Relationship between Economic Factors Influencing Afghan Migration: An Analysis of Economic Crises and Employment Opportunities
type: item
description: This paper investigates the economic factors influencing Afghan migration, with a particular focus on the role of economic crises and employment opportunities in intensifying or reducing migration trends. Drawing on migration theories and the political economy framework, the study explores the relationship between economic fluctuations, financial crises, labor market conditions, and individuals’ decisions to leave the country. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The methodology includes a literature review, semi-structured interviews with subject-matter experts, and statistical analysis of secondary data from both international and domestic sources. The findings indicate that key drivers of Afghan migration include economic crises such as inflation, currency devaluation, and high unemployment, along with a persistent lack of job opportunities. These economic pressures significantly contribute to individuals’ motivation to migrate. Based on the evidence, it is clear that economic instability and limited employment prospects are central factors in shaping migration patterns. To address these challenges, the study recommends that policymakers and relevant institutions invest in building robust economic infrastructure, reform the education system, and combat administrative corruption. Such measures can foster greater social stability and reduce the rate of outward migration. The research contributes to the broader understanding of migration dynamics and provides a foundation for more comprehensive studies and policy development in the fields of migration and economic resilience. The paper concludes by outlining practical recommendations for mitigating the negative impact of economic factors on migration flows.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Crisis
  topic: keywords
subject: Job Opportunities
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Senior Lecture Abdul Momin Azimi
creator: Mohammad Naiem Hashemi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 531
ending page: 543
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n30.2025

Examining the Role of International Organizations in Supporting Afghan Migrants
type: item
description: The migration of millions of Afghan citizens, particularly in the wake of recent political and security developments, has become a complex and multidimensional international challenge. Driven by political, economic, and social crises, this situation calls for coordinated international efforts to manage its consequences. In this context, international organizations such as the United Nations, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and other humanitarian agencies have played a vital role in supporting Afghan migrants. Their involvement extends beyond humanitarian assistance to include asylum planning, relocation to safe countries, and the provision of legal aid. This study explores the support provided by international organizations, the key factors driving Afghan migration, the consequences of migration for individuals and society, and strategies to mitigate these trends. The findings reveal that international and humanitarian organizations have made significant contributions to assisting Afghan migrants. At the same time, migration has led to several negative outcomes for Afghanistan, including brain drain, a decline in skilled labor, and cultural and social disruption. Deportation policies have further increased pressure on the Afghan government, migrants themselves, and the supporting organizations. Using a descriptive research approach informed by academic theories and case studies, this article provides an in-depth analysis of the migration phenomenon. The results suggest that addressing this challenge requires the implementation of policies aimed at creating sustainable employment, improving internal security, expanding access to education and healthcare, and establishing support programs for returning migrants. It is hoped that the insights from this study will assist policymakers in designing more effective strategies for managing and reducing migration in the long term.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afghan Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: International Organizations
  topic: keywords
subject: Humanitarian Support
  topic: keywords
subject: Brain Drain,igration Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Return Assistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Socioeconomic Impact
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdullah Qayomi
creator: عنایت الله نوید
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 511
ending page: 530
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n29.2025

The Impact of Skilled and Educated Migration on Afghanistan’s Development
type: item
description: The migration of professionals or brain drain is considered one of the fundamental challenges to human development in crisis-affected countries like Afghanistan. This study aims to identify the key factors influencing the migration of Afghan elites, examine its social, economic, and educational consequences, and propose scientific and practical strategies to address this phenomenon. The research method is descriptive-analytical, utilizing document analysis and content review of international reports. The findings indicate that political instability, various forms of discrimination, lack of suitable employment opportunities, and absence of structural support for professionals are among the primary drivers of migration. This trend has had significant negative impacts on the educational system, economic development processes, and the country's social capital. However, the results show that with targeted policymaking and the establishment of supportive mechanisms, elite migration can be transformed into an opportunity for development, especially through facilitating return migration, remote engagement, knowledge and skills transfer, creation of international networks, and promotion of innovation and entrepreneurship. This study can be used by government institutions, universities, and international organizations in formulating national migration policies and educational planning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: brain drain
  topic: keywords
subject: human capital
  topic: keywords
subject: migration of professionals
  topic: keywords
creator: Senior Lecturer Abdul Sattar Ghafari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 496
ending page: 510
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n28.2025

Migration of Scholars and Academics: Its Positive and Negative Impacts on Afghanistan
type: item
description: The migration of Afghan scholars and academics has intensified in recent decades due to imposed wars, political instability, insecurity, and religious, social, and cultural restrictions. This migration, often occurring under coercion and in response to threats to personal safety or professional limitations, has resulted in the loss of valuable human capital from the country. Afghan scholars, university professors, researchers, and experts have relocated to neighboring and distant countries in pursuit of academic continuity and personal security. Although the phenomenon of elite migration has persisted for many years, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan must take serious steps to address its negative consequences and mitigate the trend by leveraging the current security environment. While the migration of scholars has created opportunities for international academic engagement, it has also inflicted significant harm on the country’s educational and research systems. Consequences such as brain drain, weakened academic institutions, and the shortage of qualified mentors require urgent attention from national authorities. Supporting migrant scholars and facilitating their return and reintegration into the academic rebuilding process is essential for the country’s intellectual and institutional revival.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afghan scholars
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: Activities
  topic: keywords
subject: Positive and negative consequences
  topic: keywords
creator: Lead Researcher: Abdulrahman Hakimzad
creator: AbdulRaqib Insaf Niazi
creator: Abdul Qadir Ghaznavi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 480
ending page: 495
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n27.2025

The Role of Religious Scholars and Intellectuals in Reducing Migration from Afghanistan
type: item
description: It is a bitter yet undeniable reality that the painful history of Afghan migration abroad, which began nearly half a century ago, not only persists with the same intensity but has, in fact, increased over time. The factors and motivations driving Afghans to migrate, particularly to the United States and Europe, are diverse. The most significant of these include war and insecurity, internal conflicts and tensions, and the aspiration for a relatively peaceful and comfortable life. In light of the various and widespread harms caused by migration, which have even affected universities and academic institutions, Salam University has taken the initiative to organize a national conference. This initiative aims to highlight the negative consequences of migration and to explore strategies for its prevention. The university itself, following the emergence of the Islamic Emirate, has been affected by migration and has lost several of its professors, academic staff members, and a large number of students. There is no doubt that national authorities and decision-makers, especially religious scholars, intellectuals, and academics, bear both national and religious responsibilities. They must actively engage using rational and effective methods that can reshape the mindset of those inclined to migrate, in order to prevent further migration which ultimately harms Afghans and their homeland. In this brief and focused paper, I have attempted to draw the attention of scholars and intellectuals to their religious and national duties and to highlight their potential role in preventing or reducing the migration trend.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Scholars
  topic: keywords
subject: Intellectuals
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
subject: National Responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Religious Duty
  topic: keywords
creator: Professor Dr. Abdul Bari Hamidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 465
ending page: 479
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n26.2025

Afghan Migration Abroad: Causes and Consequences
type: item
description: The migration of Afghans abroad is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that has emerged as a result of prolonged war, political instability, and economic crises, leading millions of individuals to leave their homeland. This study investigates the key factors influencing Afghan migration, the economic and social consequences of this trend, and the opportunities it may create. Taking into account the social, economic, and political realities that Afghan migrants face, the study analyzes the challenges, potential benefits, and the role of the Afghan government in managing this process. The research employs a qualitative approach and is based on library research. Data collection was conducted using credible academic sources, reports published by international organizations, and other reliable references. In addition to the literature review, interviews were conducted with Afghan migrants residing in Iran and Turkey to enrich the dataset and allow for field-level analysis of their perspectives and lived experiences. Purposeful interviews with selected migrants were also used to help identify the psychological impacts of migration. The findings indicate that a range of economic, social, political, and security-related factors contribute to Afghan migration. The results of this study can support the development of effective policies aimed at reducing irregular migration, improving the conditions of Afghan migrants in host countries, and leveraging the opportunities that migration may offer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afghan Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration Drivers
  topic: keywords
subject: Consequences of Migration Abroad
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Sayed Ali Iqbal
creator: Ayesha Shafiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 447
ending page: 464
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n25.2025

Identification and Prioritization of Factors Influencing Afghan Migration Abroad
type: item
description: Migration has become an increasingly prominent issue in recent decades, gaining significant momentum among the Afghan population. As a major social concern, migration has multiple dimensions that affect various areas of society. Understanding the full scope of migration requires perspectives from more than one academic field. This study aimed to identify and rank the key factors behind the migration of Afghans to other countries. The research was conducted using a sample from Herat province, including local residents and faculty members at Herat University. Data collection involved both semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire. For the qualitative part, participants were selected using purposive sampling. After identifying the main factors behind Afghan migration, the quantitative (field) sample—consisting of 240 residents of Herat—was selected using simple random sampling, based on the Schumacher and Lomax formula. The qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis, while the quantitative data were examined using the Friedman test in SPSS software (version 26). The content analysis of the interviews revealed 32 concepts linked to the drivers of migration. These factors were grouped into six main categories: economic, social, political, cultural, geographical, and educational. To rank these factors, the study matched the findings with the components of a standard migration questionnaire developed by Ronak Nowshin (2013) and Yousef Irani (2011). According to the Friedman test results, economic factors were ranked first, followed by social (2nd), educational (3rd), cultural (4th), geographical (5th), and political factors (6th). This ranking was statistically significant at the 0.000 level with a 95% confidence level.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic
  topic: keywords
subject: Social
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural
  topic: keywords
subject: Political
  topic: keywords
subject: Geographical
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Professor Ziaulhaq Sadat
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 431
ending page: 446
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n24.2025

Consequences of Migration and Proposed Solutions for the People of Afghanistan Case Study: Herat Province
type: item
description: Migration is a phenomenon that has posed serious challenges to many developing countries. Afghanistan, as one such country, has been affected by migration in various dimensions. This study aims to examine the consequences of migration, including its economic, educational, social, and cultural impacts, and to propose appropriate solutions for the people of Afghanistan. The research is applied in purpose and qualitative in nature. Data were collected through open-ended interviews, and the methodology used was Grounded Theory. The study population, selected through purposive sampling, consisted of 30 faculty members from Herat University and private universities in Herat Province. The data collection took place during the winter of 2024 (Solar Hijri year 1403). The findings indicate that migration brings both positive and negative consequences across economic, educational, social, and cultural dimensions for the Afghan population. The proposed solutions include: strategically guiding migration at the national level through comprehensive policymaking; utilizing migration as a driver of economic growth; offering education and vocational skills development; aligning educational curricula with labor market needs; creating favorable conditions to encourage reverse migration; strengthening social services; reinforcing social cohesion; promoting education and localization of diversity and pluralism; supporting migrants’ access to up-to-date education in host countries; providing assistance with language acquisition; ensuring positive psychological and social support for migrants; and encouraging their cultural and social participation. These measures can help reduce the negative consequences of migration for the Afghan people and call for practical and effective implementation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Consequences
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Consequences
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Consequences
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Consequences
  topic: keywords
creator: Assistant Professor Ziaulhaq Sadat
creator: Dr. Hafizullah Javad
creator: Assistant Professor Ali Ahmad Amiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 414
ending page: 430
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n23.2025

Analysis of Migration Factors Case Study: Samangan Province
type: item
description: The primary objective of this research is to identify and analyze the economic, security-related, cultural, and environmental factors influencing migration in Samangan Province, as well as their effects on the region's social and economic conditions. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the reasons behind the migration of the people of Samangan to foreign countries. Migration, as a socio-economic phenomenon, is increasingly prevalent in many parts of Afghanistan, including Samangan. This rise in migration can be attributed to economic, social, cultural, geographical, natural, or political challeges. Therefore, a detailed examination of these factors and their impact on both migrant and non-migrant communities is essential for strategic policymaking aimed at improving the region’s situation. A field research method was employed in this study. Data were collected through research questionnaires distributed among local residents and social experts. Additionally, statistical techniques and qualitative content analysis were employed to assess the impact of various migration drivers such as unemployment, poverty, lack of public services, and social problems. The findings of the research show that the main migration factors in Samangan include: Economic issues and unemployment Lack of job and educational opportunities Social challenges Absence of basic infrastructure such as drinking water, medical and healthcare services Furthermore, many respondents cited a lack of hope for improving living conditions as a reason for leaving the region. Out of 400 respondents, 384 (equivalent to 96%) identified economic factors as the primary cause of migration, while 256 (equivalent to 64%) reported to cultural and educational issues and the lack of a clear future outlook as their motivation for migrating.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Samangan
  topic: keywords
subject: economic factors
  topic: keywords
subject: social factors
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural factors
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
creator: Associate Professor Shahabuddin Shahab
creator: Assistant Professor Abdul Ahad Radmanesh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2025-06-29
publication date: 2025-06-29
starting page: 398
ending page: 413
doi: 10.64104/v10.Issue17.n22.2025